Table 2.
Summary Statistics for the Baseline Characteristics by the Study Arm
| Participants demographic and other characteristics at baseline | Control (n = 63)% (n) | Intervention (n = 101)% (n) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (M, SD: Range: 18–25) | 21.6 (2.1) | 21.6 (2.1) | .82 |
| Female | 44.4 (28) | 43.6 (44) | .91 |
| Low income (<$35,000 vs. higher) | 90.5 (57) | 84.2 (85) | .25 |
| Married/living with someone | 27.0 (17) | 28.7 (29) | .81 |
| Race | .95 | ||
| White or Caucasian | 65.1 (41) | 64.4 (65) | |
| Black or African American | 14.3 (9) | 12.9 (13) | |
| Mixed racial background | 12.7 (8) | 15.9 (16) | |
| Others | 7.9 (5) | 6.9 (7) | |
| Ethnicity (Hispanic) | 12.7 (8) | 21.8 (22) | .14 |
| Current employment status | .04 | ||
| Not working | 55.6 (35) | 35.6 (36) | |
| Working ≤ 30 hr | 19.1 (12) | 23.8 (24) | |
| Working > 30 hr | 25.4 (16) | 40.6 (41) | |
| Currently enrolled in college, university, or junior college | 39.7 (25) | 42.6 (43) | .72 |
| Tenure with current cell phone number (months): M (SD) | 46.4 (31.6) | 44.8 (28.2) | .74 |
| Number of text messages sent on an average day: Median (25%, 75% quartile) | 45 (20, 100) | 50 (20, 100) | .24 |
| Number of text messages received on an average day: Median (25%, 75% quartile) | 50 (18, 100) | 60 (20, 100) | .17 |
| Smoking behavior | |||
| Average number of cigarettes smoked per day (M, SD; Range: 4–30) | 11.9 (5.7) | 12.4 (6.3) | .62 |
| Age at first cigarette (M, SD; Range: 4–23) | 14.4 (3.4) | 13.9 (3.2) | .29 |
| Number of years smoked cigarettes (Range: <1 year–5+ years) | 7.1 (3.5) | 7.7 (3.8) | .29 |
| Number of other smokers in the household (Range: 0–6) | 2.2 (1.3) | 2.0 (1.2) | .30 |
| Nicotine dependent | 93.7 (59) | 89.1 (90) | .33 |
| Importance of quitting to self (M, SD; Range: 1–10) | 8.9 (1.3) | 8.7 (1.5) | .53 |
| Confidence in one’s ability to quit (M, SD; Range: 0–10) | 6.5 (2.6) | 6.7 (2.2) | .60 |
| Number of quit attempts (ever) (Range: 0–5+ times) | 3.6 (1.7) | 3.7 (1.6) | .87 |
| Number of quit attempts in the past year (M, SD; Range: 0–5+) | 1.8 (1.7) | 1.5 (1.3) | .32 |
| Planning on using an evidence-based quitting aid for the current quit attempt | 17.5 (11) | 25.7 (26) | .22 |
| Ever used an evidence-based quitting aid before | 25.4 (16) | 30.7 (31) | .47 |
| Chantix, Zyban, or nicotine replacement therapy | 15.9 (10) | 22.8 (23) | .28 |
| Quit line | 6.4 (4) | 5.0 (5) | .70 |
| Individual or group therapy | 3.2 (2) | 4.0 (4) | .79 |
| Psychosocial characteristics | |||
| Resistance self-efficacy (M, SD; Range: 4–20) | 10.5 (4.0) | 10.6 (4.0) | .85 |
| Social support from a “special person” (M, SD; Range: 4–20) | 16.3 (3.9) | 15.1 (5.4) | .12 |
| Social support from family (M, SD; Range: 4–20) | 15.9 (3.6) | 15.3 (4.3) | .38 |
| Social support from friends (M, SD; Range: 4–20) | 16.6 (3.1) | 16.1 (4.0) | .42 |
| Depressive symptomatology (M, SD; Range: 0–27) | 9.3 (6.4) | 7.8 (6.2) | .14 |
| Risky drinking | 19.1 (12) | 32.7 (33) | .06 |
Note. Bold text denotes statistically significant differences at α = .05.