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The three stages of O-unit synthesis are shown: 1. Nucleotide-sugar biosynthesis (red), 2. O-unit assembly (blue), and 3. O-unit processing (purple). The proteins involved at each step are indicated. The final polymerised O-antigen chain is indicated by circles, where n indicates a variable number of repeat units present. Modified from [9]. Sugar abbreviations: Abe, abequose; Gal, galactose; Man, mannose; Rha, rhamnose.
