Table 2.
Risk Factors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Multivariate Logistic Regression Analyses
| Risk Factor | Cases N (%) | Controls N (%) | AOR (95% CI)* |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis virus | |||
| None | 232 (55.2) | 1066 (96.6) | 1 (reference) |
| anti-HCV+ | 94 (22.4) | 6 (0.5) | 61.0 (26.9–138.4) |
| HBsAg+/anti-HBc+ | 30 (7.1) | 4 (0.4) | 47.1 (14.6–151.7) |
| HBsAg−/anti-HBc+ | 24 (5.7) | 25 (2.3) | 3.7 (1.9–6.9) |
| Both HCV and HBV | 40 (9.5) | 3 (0.3) | 52.8 (15.4–180.4) |
| Cigarette smoking | |||
| No | 126 (30.0) | 582 (52.7) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes† | 294 (70.0) | 522 (47.3) | 1.8 (1.3–2.4) |
| ≤ 20 pack year | 115 (27.4) | 258 (23.4) | 1.4 (0.9–2.1) |
| > 20 pack years | 176 (41.9) | 264 (23.9) | 2.0 (1.4–2.9) |
| Alcohol consumption | |||
| No | 137 (32.6) | 485 (43.9) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes‡ | 283 (67.4) | 619(56.1) | 1.3 (1.0–1.9) |
| < 60 mL ethanol/day | 192 (45.7) | 551 (49.9) | 1.1 (0.8–1.6) |
| ≥ 60 ml ethanol/day | 89 (21.2) | 65 (5.9) | 3.2 (1.9–5.3) |
| Family history of cancer | |||
| No | 132 (31.4) | 355 (32.2) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes§ | 264 (62.9) | 740 (67.0) | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) |
| Liver cancer (first-degree) | 24 (5.7) | 9 (0.8) | 3.0 (1.2–8.3) |
| Prior history of diabetes | |||
| No | 280 (66.7) | 989 (89.6) | 1 (reference) |
| Yes | 140 (33.3) | 115 (10.4) | 4.2 (3.0–5.9) |
*
Logistic model included age, sex race, educational level, HCV, HBV, smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, and family history of cancer.
†
Duration of smoking was missing for three cases.
‡
Duration of drinking was missing for two cases and three controls.
§
Any cancer in first- and second-degree relatives.