Table 2.
Prenatal antipsychotic use by drug and gestational period, the Medication Exposure in Pregnancy Risk Evaluation Program, 2001–2007a
| Drugs | Any time from 60 days before pregnancy through delivery |
60-day pre pregnancy period |
Any time during pregnancy |
1st trimester | 2nd trimester | 3rd trimester | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | per 10,000 deliveries |
N | per 10,000 deliveries |
N | per 10,000 deliveries |
N | per 10,000 deliveries |
N | per 10,000 deliveries |
N | per 10,000 deliveries |
|
| Atypical antipsychotics | 4,223 | 72.0 | 3,169 | 54.0 | 3,476 | 59.3 | 3,030 | 51.7 | 1,565 | 26.7 | 1,144 | 19.5 |
| Quetiapine | 1,786 | 30.5 | 1,362 | 23.2 | 1,449 | 24.7 | 1,276 | 21.8 | 672 | 11.5 | 480 | 8.2 |
| Olanzapine | 1,342 | 22.9 | 884 | 15.1 | 1,077 | 18.4 | 867 | 14.8 | 465 | 7.9 | 358 | 6.1 |
| Risperidone | 970 | 16.5 | 676 | 11.5 | 750 | 12.8 | 628 | 10.7 | 303 | 5.2 | 211 | 3.6 |
| Aripiprazole | 443 | 7.6 | 331 | 5.6 | 351 | 6.0 | 310 | 5.3 | 140 | 2.4 | 87 | 1.5 |
| Ziprasidone | 314 | 5.4 | 229 | 3.9 | 249 | 4.2 | 223 | 3.8 | 92 | 1.6 | 60 | 1.0 |
| Clozapine | 12 | 0.2 | 8 | 0.1 | 12 | 0.2 | 10 | 0.2 | 5 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.1 |
| Paliperidone | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 |
| Typical antipsychotics | 548 | 9.3 | 226 | 3.9 | 486 | 8.3 | 305 | 5.2 | 282 | 4.8 | 230 | 3.9 |
| Haloperidol | 225 | 3.8 | 76 | 1.3 | 206 | 3.5 | 112 | 1.9 | 126 | 2.1 | 119 | 2.0 |
| Chlorpromazine | 146 | 2.5 | 33 | 0.6 | 131 | 2.2 | 75 | 1.3 | 79 | 1.3 | 41 | 0.7 |
| Perphenazine | 95 | 1.6 | 59 | 1.0 | 81 | 1.4 | 64 | 1.1 | 44 | 0.8 | 32 | 0.5 |
| Thiothixene | 44 | 0.8 | 28 | 0.5 | 38 | 0.6 | 31 | 0.5 | 16 | 0.3 | 17 | 0.3 |
| Trifluoperazine | 27 | 0.5 | 10 | 0.2 | 24 | 0.4 | 13 | 0.2 | 14 | 0.2 | 11 | 0.2 |
| Thioridazine | 21 | 0.4 | 14 | 0.2 | 16 | 0.3 | 12 | 0.2 | 5 | 0.1 | 7 | 0.1 |
| Fluphenazine | 20 | 0.3 | 7 | 0.1 | 18 | 0.3 | 12 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.2 | 6 | 0.1 |
| Loxapine | 7 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.1 | 5 | 0.1 | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 |
| Pimozide | <5 | 0.03 | <5 | 0.03 | <5 | 0.03 | <5 | 0.03 | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 |
| Mesoridazine | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 | <5 | 0.02 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Molindone | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
| Other typical antipsychotics | ||||||||||||
| Prochlorperazine | 6,266 | 106.8 | 841 | 14.3 | 5,659 | 96.5 | 3,643 | 62.1 | 2,856 | 48.7 | 946 | 16.1 |
| Promethazine | 64,037 | 1,091. 8 | 8,128 | 138.6 | 60,754 | 1,035.8 | 39,464 | 672.8 | 31,856 | 543.1 | 17,960 | 306.2 |
a
Antipsychotic exposure status was not mutually exclusive (e.g., deliveries with both atypical and typical antipsychotic exposure would be included in both groups). Exposure time periods were not mutually exclusive (e.g., deliveries with atypical antispsychotic exposure during the first and second trimester would appear in both periods). Some deliveries might be exposed to more than one drug of the same drug class, so the sum of deliveries exposed to individual drugs within each class might be greater than the overall number of exposed deliveries of that class.