Table 1.

Constructs Included in This Study

Systemic Level or Construct	Brief Definition	Sample Item	Answer Categories
Macro system
American cultural   orientation	Engagement in practices typical of  American culture, such as speaking  English and eating American foods  (Sullivan et al., 2007)	How comfortable do you feel speaking English  at home?	1 not at all comfortable 2 3 4 5 very comfortable
Differential   Americanism	Parent-adolescent differences in  engagement in American cultural  practices (Martinez, 2006)
Exosystem
Social support for   parents	Availability of friends and other resources  to whom parents can turn when they need  help or comfort (Cutrona, Cole, Colangelo, Assouline, & Russell, 1994)	There are people I can depend on if I really  need it.	1 strongly disagree 2 disagree 3 agree 4 strongly agree
Parental stress	Economic and immigration-related  pressure on parents that distracts them  from parenting (Cohen, Kessler, & Gordon, 1997)	My income has not been sufficient to support  my family or myself. (Economic stress) I have felt unaccepted by others because of my  Latino culture. (Immigration stress)	0 no 1 yes
Mesosystem
Parental monitoring of   peers	Parental supervision of adolescents’  friends, activities, and whereabouts  (Dishion, Poulin, & Skaggs, 2000; Kerr & Stattin, 2000)	How well do you personally know your child’s  best friends?	1 not at all 2 a little bit 3 somewhat well 4 pretty well 5 extremely well
Parental involvement in   school	Parental supervision of adolescents’  schoolwork and parental communication  with teachers (Eccles & Harold, 1993, 1996)	How often do you talk with your child about  how he or she is doing in school?	1 hardly ever 2 sometimes 3 often
Microsystem
Family functioning	Positive parenting and parental  involvement with the adolescent; overall  family cohesion and communication  (Gorman-Smith, Tolan, Zelli, & Huesmann, 1996; Schwartz, Pantin, Prado, Sullivan, & Szapocznik, 2005)	When you have done something that your  parents like or approve of, how often does  your mother give you a wink or a smile?  (Positive parenting) How often do you like to do things together with  the family? (Parent involvement) My family knows what I mean when I say  something. (Family communication) I can discuss my beliefs with my mother without  feeling restrained or embarrassed. (Parent–  adolescent communication)	1 almost never 2 sometimes 3 often 1 almost never 2 sometimes 3 often 1 not at all true 2 hardly ever true 3 true a lot 4 almost always or always true 1 strongly disagree 2 moderately disagree 3 neither agree nor disagree 4 moderately agree 5 strongly agree
Peer risk behavior	Friends’ engagement in substance use and  sexual behavior (Gorman-Smith et al., 1996; Prinstein & Wang, 2005; Schwartz et al., 2005)	How many of your friends have used marijuana  or hashish (“pot,” “grass,” “hash”) in their  lifetime? When you and your friends are alone in a  private place, do any of the boys and girls have  sexual intercourse with one another?	0 none of them 1 any of the them 0 no 1 yes
School functioning	Bonding to school; academic grades;  conduct in school (Murray & Greenberg, 2000; Roeser et al., 2008)	School work is messy, sloppy.	1 no problem 2 mild problem 3 severe problem