Table 4. Associations of genotypes and other variables with adolescents%#x2019; non-use of contraception, by sex: Results of generalized estimating equation logistic regressions with controls for population stratification, United States 1994-2002.
| Race controls | Structural controls | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Males | Females | Males | Females | |
|
| ||||
| Variables | eβ (t) | eβ (t) | eβ (t) | eβ (t) |
|
| ||||
| Genotype | ||||
| DRD2 *A1/A2 | 1.95 (2.49)* | 1.72 (2.53)* | 1.91 (2.44)* | 1.72 (2.51)* |
| DRD2*A2/A2 | 1.82 (2.23)* | 1.65 (2.35)* | 1.72 (2.08)* | 1.68 (2.44)* |
| DRD2*A1/A1 (Ref.) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| DAT1 *9R/10R | 0.72 (1.15) | 2.06 (2.21)* | 0.77 (0.93) | 2.07 (2.22)* |
| DAT1 *10R/10R | 0.77 (0.95) | 1.62 (1.50) | 0.82 (0.73) | 1.59 (1.44) |
| DAT1 *−/− (Ref.) | 0.54 (1.57) | 1.91 (1.37) | 0.61 (1.18) | 1.83 (1.28) |
| DAT1 *9R/9R | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| MAOA*2R/− | 1.67 (0.89) | 2.75 (2.83)** | 1.70 (0.93) | 2.58 (2.70)** |
| MAOA*−/− (Ref.) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age <=18 | 0.89 (1.00) | 1.08 (0.64) | 0.91 (0.82) | 1.07 (0.61) |
| African American | 1.20 (1.06) | 0.84 (1.06) | -- | -- |
| Hispanic | 1.20 (1.05) | 1.16 (0.88) | -- | -- |
| Asian | 1.45 (1.51) | 1.30 (1.02) | -- | -- |
| Native American | 3.39 (4.23)** | 0.70 (1.36) | -- | -- |
| Caucasian (Ref.) | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Family | ||||
| 2 biological parents | 0.83 (1.49) | 0.75 (2.37)* | 0.84 (1.36) | 0.77 (2.12)* |
| Parents’ income | 1.00 (1.16) | 1.00 (2.09)* | 1.00 (1.33) | 1.00 (1.98)* |
| Parents’ education >HS | 1.01 (0.08) | 0.84 (1.36) | 0.98 (0.15) | 0.82 (1.56) |
| Number of siblings | 1.01 (0.21) | 1.11 (2.17)* | 1.02 (0.35) | 1.1 (1.99)* |
| Behaviour and attitudes | ||||
| Religiosity | 1.22 (1.56) | 1.03 (0.24) | 1.25 (1.77)† | 1.01 (0.09) |
| Months since 1st sex | 1.00 (1.25) | 1.00 (2.05)* | 1.00 (1.46) | 1.00 (1.92)† |
| Smoked last 30 days | 1.26 (1.96)† | 1.27 (2.05)* | 1.24 (1.83)† | 1.29 (2.17)* |
| Drinking frequency | 1.02 (0.72) | 0.95 (1.43) | 1.02 (0.62) | 0.95 (1.37) |
| Expelled from school | 1.36 (1.64) | 1.85 (2.51)* | 1.41 (1.85)† | 1.79 (2.36)* |
| Birth control self- efficacy |
0.95 (0.89) | 0.90 (2.02)* | 0.95 (0.90) | 0.90 (2.00)* |
| Prepared for birth control |
0.90 (1.59) | 0.86 (2.00)* | 0.89 (1.73)† | 0.86 (1.93)† |
| Forgo coitus if no birth control available |
0.89 (2.17)* | 0.75 (5.46)** | 0.90 (2.17)* | 0.75 (5.40)** |
| Contraceptive knowledge | 0.44 (2.58)** | 0.99 (0.02) | 0.45 (2.54)* | 0.98 (0.05) |
| Contraceptive attitudes | 1.24 (3.07)** | 1.45 (4.59)** | 1.24 (3.01)** | 1.44 (4.53)** |
| Married at Wave 3 | 1.90(4.42)** | 1.84 (4.77)** | 1.85 (4.23)** | 1.88 (4.90)** |
| Intercept | 0.56 (0.97) | 0.70 (0.55) | 0.65 (0.67) | 0.54 (0.90) |
| Sample size | 1971 | 2092 | 1971 | 2092 |
†
p <0.10;
*
p < 0.05;
**
p <0.01, two-tailed test
Note: Regression coefficients are presented in exponentiated (odds’ ratio) form. Numbers in parantheses are t-statistics. The symbol ‘-‘ indicates an unlisted allele (e.g., neither 9R nor 10R for DAT1 gene).
Source: As for Table 1.