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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Genet Epidemiol. 2013 Mar 6;37(3):10.1002/gepi.21714. doi: 10.1002/gepi.21714

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The performance of PCA adjustment for the burden and C-alpha tests in two simulations with different population structures. For the simple substructure in the two subpopulations simulation, PCA adjustment is adequate to remove stratification, as shown in (a) and (b). For the more complicated simulation with 10 subpopulations, adjusting for rare PCs outperforms the adjustment by common PCs, but does not completely remove the effect of population stratification. The results from PCA adjustment based on PCs constructed from all variants are between those adjusting for rare PCs and those adjusting for common PCs.