Table 1. Means1 (± SE) of soil characteristics of land-use types.
| Characteristic | Depth (m) | Rubber plantation (n = 11) | Secondary forest (n = 7) |
| Sand (%) | 0–0.15 | 32.5±3.8 | 34.7±4.6 |
| 0.15–0.3 | 30.5±3.9 | 34.4±5.0 | |
| 0.3–1.2 | 27.8±3.4 | 30.2±4.4 | |
| Silt and clay (%) | 0–0.15 | 67.5±3.8 | 65.3±4.6 |
| 0.15–0.3 | 69.5±3.9 | 65.6±5.0 | |
| 0.3–1.2 | 72.2±3.4 | 69.8±4.4 | |
| Bulk density (g cm−3) | 0–0.15 | 1.1±0.1 | 1.0±0.1 |
| 0.15–0.3 | 1.1±0.0 | 1.2±0.0 | |
| 0.3–1.2 | 1.3±0.0 | 1.3±0.0 | |
| C:N ratio | 0–0.15 | 12.2±0.3 | 12.8±0.5 |
| 0.15–0.3 | 12.1±0.4 | 12.5±0.4 | |
| 0.3–1.2 | 9.5±0.4 | 9.7±0.5 | |
| pH (H2O)2 | 0–0.15 | 4.8±0.1 a | 4.7±0.1 b |
| 0.15–0.3 | 4.8±0.1 | 4.9±0.1 | |
| 0.3–1.2 | 5.0±0.1 | 4.9±0.1 | |
| pH (KCl) | 0–0.15 | 3.9±0.0 | 3.9±0.0 |
| 0.15–0.3 | 3.8±0.1 | 3.9±0.0 | |
| 0.3–1.2 | 4.0±0.0 | 4.0±0.0 | |
| Effective cation exchangecapacity2 (mmolc kg−1 soil) | 0–0.15 | 46.4±1.8 a | 55.5±2.4 b |
| 0.6–0.9 | 28.8±1.2 a | 36.9±3.9 b | |
| Base saturation (%) | 0–0.15 | 24.4±4.2 | 24.1±6.0 |
| 0.6–0.9 | 10.9±1.6 | 11.3±1.5 |
1
Means of the 0.3–1.2 m depth interval are means of the 0.3–0.6-m, 0.6–0.9-m and 0.9–1.2-m depth intervals.
2
Within a row, means followed by different letters differ significantly between rubber plantation and secondary forest (linear mixed effects model at P≤0.05).