Table 5.
Model results for each measure of economic burden, stratified analyses
| |
China |
Malaysia |
Philippines |
Vietnam |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Low | High | All | Low | High | All | Low | High | All | Low | High | |
| | ||||||||||||
| Correlates of AHEa,b,c,f |
(n=3,723) |
(n=2,269) |
(n=1,454) |
(n=5,355) |
(n=3,194) |
(n=2,161) |
(n=9,558) |
(n=5,723) |
(n=3,835) |
(n=3,218) |
(n=1,907) |
(n=1,311) |
| Wealth |
1.12 |
--- |
--- |
1.55*** |
--- |
--- |
1.27*** |
--- |
--- |
0.98 |
--- |
--- |
| Health care need |
3.46*** |
3.34*** |
3.61** |
2.46*** |
2.65*** |
2.20*** |
2.64*** |
2.62*** |
2.69*** |
3.95*** |
3.36*** |
5.11*** |
| Risk protection |
0.85 |
0.74 |
1.20 |
0.71** |
0.61*** |
0.90 |
1.10 |
1.04 |
1.17 |
0.80 |
0.93 |
0.69 |
| | ||||||||||||
| Correlates of HEAa,c,d,f |
(n=3,723) |
(n=2,269) |
(n=1,454) |
(n=5,355) |
(n=3,194) |
(n=2,161) |
(n=9,558) |
(n=5,723) |
(n=3,835) |
(n=3,218) |
(n=1,907) |
(n=1,311) |
| Wealth |
2.08*** |
--- |
--- |
2.50*** |
--- |
--- |
2.08*** |
--- |
--- |
1.19 |
--- |
--- |
| Health care need |
3.61*** |
3.65*** |
2.59** |
2.39*** |
2.67*** |
2.12*** |
3.16*** |
3.24*** |
2.94*** |
3.54*** |
3.20*** |
4.13*** |
| Risk protection |
1.04 |
1.53 |
0.78 |
0.89 |
0.70* |
1.39* |
1.35* |
1.00 |
1.57** |
1.00 |
0.57 |
1.18 |
| | ||||||||||||
| Correlates of CHEa,b,c,f |
(n=3,716) |
(n=2,263) |
(n=1,453) |
(n=5,292) |
(n=3,142) |
(n=2,150) |
(n=9,353) |
(n=5,521) |
(n=3,832) |
(n=3,212) |
(n=1,902) |
(n=1,310) |
| Wealth |
0.68** |
--- |
--- |
1.70* |
--- |
--- |
0.68*** |
--- |
--- |
0.39*** |
--- |
--- |
| Health care need |
3.33*** |
3.29*** |
3.46*** |
2.85*** |
3.73*** |
2.04* |
3.20*** |
3.02*** |
3.57*** |
3.89*** |
3.27*** |
7.47*** |
| Risk protection |
0.64* |
0.68 |
0.54** |
0.61* |
0.40** |
1.00 |
1.01 |
0.95 |
1.07 |
0.41* |
0.46 |
0.35* |
| | ||||||||||||
| Correlates of INDa,b,c,f |
(n=3,671) |
(n=2,234) |
(n=1,437) |
(n=5,259) |
(n=3,136) |
(n=2,123) |
(n=9,456) |
(n=5,653) |
(n=3,803) |
(n=2,999) |
(n=1,786) |
(n=1,213) |
| Wealth |
0.41*** |
--- |
--- |
0.59** |
--- |
--- |
0.76*** |
--- |
--- |
0.46*** |
--- |
--- |
| Health care need |
2.13*** |
2.26*** |
1.66 |
2.03*** |
2.27*** |
1.59 |
2.47*** |
2.51*** |
2.39*** |
3.61*** |
3.53*** |
3.93*** |
| Risk protection |
0.40*** |
0.45*** |
0.27** |
0.90 |
0.99 |
0.61 |
0.82* |
0.93 |
0.71** |
1.02 |
1.13 |
0.89 |
| | ||||||||||||
| Correlates of IMPa,b,c,e,f |
(n=2,876) |
(n=1,464) |
(n=1,412) |
(n=4,167) |
(n=2,132) |
(n=2,035) |
(n=5,839) |
(n=2,481) |
(n=3,358) |
(n=2,203) |
(n=1046) |
(n=1,157) |
| Wealth |
0.13** |
--- |
--- |
0.49** |
--- |
--- |
0.31*** |
--- |
--- |
0.23*** |
--- |
--- |
| Health care need |
2.31*** |
2.08** |
8.24** |
2.09** |
2.17** |
1.85 |
2.51*** |
2.53*** |
2.46*** |
2.95*** |
2.45*** |
7.16** |
| Risk protection | 0.28* | 0.24** | 1.67 | 0.43* | 0.17** | 1.14 | 0.77 | 0.80 | 0.74 | 0.44 | 0.63 | 0.11* |
aAHE: any health expenditure; HEA: health expenditure amount; CHE: catastrophic health expenditure; IND: indebtedness; IMP: impoverishment.
bAll estimates are weighted odds ratios and adjust for complex survey design. All models are adjusted for education, urbanicity, and household composition.
c Models conducted for all households (All), households in 3 lowest wealth quintiles (Low), or households in 2 highest wealth quintiles (High).
dAll estimates are weighted ratios of health expenditures and adjust for complex survey design (GLM specification: log link and gamma variance function). All models are adjusted for education, urbanicity, and household composition.
eDenominator for impoverishment analysis includes households not classified as poor prior to paying for health care.
f(*) P<0.05, (**) P<0.01, (***) P<0.001.