Table 3.
Characteristics of cases and controls
| Variable | Cases (n = 854) | Controls (n = 3289) | ORa | 95% CIb | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agec |
51.09 (9.53) |
51.10 (9.40) |
|
|
|
| Genderc |
|
|
|
|
|
| Female |
397 (46.5%) |
1525 (46.4%) |
|
|
|
| Male |
457 (53.5%) |
1764 (53.6%) |
|
|
|
| PPId use |
126 (14.8%) |
191 (5.8%) |
2.91 |
(2.28-3.72) |
< 0.001 |
| NSAIDe use |
293 (34.3%) |
703 (21.4%) |
1.97 |
(1.67-2.33) |
< 0.001 |
| Antibiotic use |
202 (26.7%) |
223 (6.8%) |
4.41 |
(3.55-5.47) |
<0.001 |
| Diuretic use |
215 (25.2%) |
293 (8.9%) |
3.50 |
(2.86-4.27) |
<0.001 |
| Diabetes |
175 (20.5%) |
216 (6.6%) |
3.94 |
(3.14-4.94) |
< 0.001 |
| Hypertension |
302 (35.4%) |
626 (19.0%) |
2.48 |
(2.08-2.95) |
< 0.001 |
| High cholesterol |
238 (27.8%) |
659 (20.0%) |
1.58 |
(1.32-1.89) |
< 0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction |
13 (1.5%) |
18 (0.5%) |
2.86 |
(1.40-5.84) |
0.004 |
| Congestive heart failure |
38 (4.5%) |
8 (0.2%) |
18.20 |
(8.48-39.06) |
< 0.001 |
| Cerebrovascular disease |
15 (1.8%) |
12 (0.4%) |
5.28 |
(2.42-11.52) |
< 0.001 |
| Peripheral vascular disease |
26 (3.0%) |
17 (0.5%) |
6.19 |
(3.31-11.56) |
< 0.001 |
| Paralysis |
6 (0.7%) |
4 (0.1%) |
5.99 |
(1.69-21.24) |
0.006 |
| Chronic lung disease |
45 (5.3%) |
47 (1.4%) |
3.94 |
(2.58-6.00) |
< 0.001 |
| Liver disease |
16 (1.9%) |
9 (0.3%) |
6.94 |
(3.06-15.72) |
< 0.001 |
| Malignancy |
49 (5.7%) |
28 (0.9%) |
6.90 |
(4.33-10.97) |
< 0.001 |
| Metastatic cancer |
27 (3.2%) |
9 (0.3%) |
12.00 |
(5.64-25.51) |
< 0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis |
13 (1.5%) |
10 (0.3%) |
4.95 |
(2.16-11.35) |
< 0.001 |
| Osteoarthritis | 72 (8.4%) | 184 (5.6%) | 1.57 | (1.18-2.10) | 0.002 |
aOR odds ratio.
bCI confidence interval.
c Cases and controls were matched on age and gender so those variables were not compared statistically.
dPPI proton pump inhibitor.
eNSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.