FKN expression is decreased by aging and HFD in islets. (A) FKN mRNA expression in 7 week old (7w)-NCD (N), 24 week old (24w)-NCD, or 24 week old-HFD mice. *, P<0.05 24w-NCD vs 24w-HFD. FKN mRNA level was normalized to 18S rRNA level in each sample. Mean+/-SEM, n=6 per group. (B) FKN mRNA expression in 7 week old (7w)-NCD (N; n=5), 1 year old (1y)-NCD (n=8), or 1 year old-HFD (H; n=6) mice. Mean+/-SEM. *, P<0.05 7w-NCD vs 1y-NCD or 7w-NCD vs 1y-HFD. (C) FKN protein expression levels were measured in aliquots of the samples used in panel B. FKN protein levels were normalized by total protein concentration. Mean+/-SEM. *, P<0.05 7w-NCD vs 1y-NCD; **, P<0.01 7w-NCD vs 1y-HFD; #, P<0.05 1y-NCD vs 1y-HFD. (D) FKN mRNA expression is decreased in in vitro expanded human beta cells. mRNA levels of FKN and CX3CR1 were analyzed by Affymetrix GeneChip microarrays (Kayali et al., 2007; Kutlu et al., 2009) in freshly isolated human islets (Islet) or in vitro expanded islets (Exp) as described in experimental procedures. Mean+/-SEM.