Figure 3.

Factors affecting uptake of ARVs for PMTCT identified in the literature review are populated within a hierarchy of individuals (pregnant women or infants), their community and health systems around them, which are in turn part of the wider health-policy environment. A complex interplay of factors from each level ultimately impacts on PMTCT ARV uptake. This hierarchy is adapted from a socio-ecological model [72]. Possible interventions and policy recommendations addressing barriers at each level are illustrated to the right-hand side. Some interventions may address more than one barrier within a level, or barriers at multiple levels, and may be packaged together. ART=Antiretroviral therapy; ANC=antenatal clinic; CTC=(HIV) Care and treatment clinic; NVP=nevirapine.