Table 2.

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of prostate cancer by categories of coffee consumption in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study

	Categories of total coffee intake						p-trend
	None	< 1 cup/day	1cup/day	2–3 cups/day	4–5 cups/day	≤6 cups/day
Total prostate cancer
n=23,335	2,136	3,894	3,781	9,835	2,902	787
Age-adjusted HR	1.00	1.01 (0.96, 1.07)	0.96 (0.91, 1.01)	0.94 (0.89, 0.98)	0.91 (0.86, 0.96)	0.82 (0.76, 0.89)	<0.0001
Multivariate-adjusted HR	1.00	1.03 (0.98, 1.08)	1.00 (0.95, 1.06)	1.00 (0.96, 1.05)	1.00 (0.94, 1.06)	0.94 (0.87, 1.02)	0.08
Fatal prostate cancer
n=917	87	144	139	400	110	37
Age-adjusted HR	1.00	0.89 (0.69, 1.17)	0.81 (0.62, 1.06)	0.90 (0.72, 1.14)	0.86 (0.65, 1.14)	1.02 (0.69, 1.49)	0.87
Multivariate-adjusted HR	1.00	0.89 (0.68, 1.16)	0.81 (0.62, 1.06)	0.87 (0.69, 1.11)	0.77 (0.58, 1.03)	0.80 (0.53, 1.18)	0.20
Advanced prostate cancer
n= 2,927	264	510	440	1,185	401	127
Age-adjusted HR	1.00	1.09 (0.94, 1.26)	0.93 (0.80, 1.08)	0.92 (0.81, 1.06)	1.01 (0.86,1.17)	1.04(0.84, 1.29)	0.56
Multivariate-adjusted HR	1.00	1.10 (0.95, 1.28)	0.97 (0.83, 1.14)	0.98 (0.86, 1.12)	1.08 (0.92, 1.27)	1.15 (0.92, 1.43)	0.62
Nonadvanced prostate cancer
n=18,993	1,744	3,168	3,097	8,048	2,325	611
Age-adjusted HR	1.00	1.01 (0.95, 1.07)	0.96 (0.90, 1.02)	0.94 (0.89, 0.99)	0.89 (0.84, 0.95)	0.78 (0.72, 0.86)	<0.0001
Multivariate-adjusted HR	1.00	1.03 (0.97, 1.09)	1.01 (0.95, 1.07)	1.01 (0.96, 1.07)	0.99 (0.93, 1.06)	0.92 (0.84, 1.01)	0.07

The multivariate models are adjusted for age, race, height, BMI, physical activity, smoking, history of diabetes, family history of prostate cancer, PSA testing, intakes of tomato sauce, alpha-linolenic acid and total energy intake.

Cases with missing stage are included in the total prostate cancer count but not in the subtypes.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; NIH, National Institutes of Health; PSA, prostate specific antigen.