Table 3.

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of prostate cancer by coffee consumption categories among non-smokers in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study

	Categories of total coffee intake
	None	< 1 cup/day	1cup/day	2–3 cups/day	≥4 cups/day	p-trend
Total prostate cancer
n=18,082	1,901	3,272	3,084	7,459	2,366
Age-adjusted HR	1.00	1.01 (0.95, 1.06)	0.95 (0.90, 1.01)	0.94 (0.89, 0.99)	0.94 (0.88, 1.00)	0.001
Multivariate-adjusted HR	1.00	1.01 (0.95, 1.07)	0.98 (0.92, 1.04)	0.97 (0.92, 1.02)	0.98 (0.92, 1.04)	0.16
Fatal prostate cancer
n=611	68	112	107	252	72
Age-adjusted HR	1.00	0.93 (0.69, 1.26)	0.85 (0.63, 1.15)	0.84 (0.64, 1.10)	0.80 (0.57, 1.11)	0.17
Multivariate-adjusted HR	1.00	0.94 (0.70, 1.27)	0.87 (0.64, 1.19)	0.86 (0.66, 1.13)	0.81 (0.58, 1.14)	0.19
Advanced prostate cancer
n=2,187	230	419	352	875	311
Age-adjusted HR	1.00	1.08 (0.92, 1.27)	0.93 (0.79, 1.10)	0.93 (0.80, 1.07)	1.02 (0.86, 1.21)	0.38
Multivariate-adjusted HR	1.00	1.09 (0.93, 1.28)	0.97 (0.82, 1.14)	0.96 (0.83, 1.11)	1.07 (0.90, 1.27)	0.82
Nonadvanced prostate cancer
n=14,888	1,557	2,674	2,553	6,171	1,933
Age-adjusted HR	1.00	1.00 (0.94, 1.02)	0.96 (0.90, 1.00)	0.95 (0.90, 1.00)	0.94 (0.88, 1.00)	0.004
Multivariate-adjusted HR	1.00	1.00 (0.94, 1.07)	0.99 (0.93, 1.05)	0.98 (0.93, 1.03)	0.98 (0.92, 1.05)	0.28

The multivariate models are adjusted for age, race, height, BMI, physical activity, history of diabetes, family history of prostate cancer, PSA testing, intakes of tomato sauce, alpha-linolenic acid and total energy intake.

Cases with missing stage are included in the total prostate cancer count but not in the subtypes.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; NIH, National Institutes of Health; PSA, prostate specific antigen.