Table 2.
Cervical HPV infection at enrolment and associated factors among 117 sexually active subjects
| No with HPV/number sexually active (%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Age-adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic factors | |||
| Age group (years) | p=0.02 | p=0.02 | |
| ≤16 | 4/11 (36.4) | 0.13 (0.03 to 0.60) | 0.13 (0.03 to 0.60) |
| 17–18 | 26/32 (81.2) | 1 | 1 |
| 19–20 | 18/21 (85.7) | 1.38 (0.31 to 6.27) | 1.38 (0.31 to 6.27) |
| 21–22 | 20/25 (80.0) | 0.92 (0.25 to 3.46) | 0.92 (0.25 to 3.46) |
| 23+ | 18/28 (64.3) | 0.42 (0.13 to 1.35) | 0.42 (0.13 to 1.35) |
| Religion | p=0.97 | p=0.66 | |
| Catholic | 36/49 (73.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Other Christian | 26/ 36 (72.2) | 0.94 (0.36 to 2.47) | 0.84 (0.29 to 2.42) |
| Muslim | 24/32 (75.0) | 1.08 (0.39 to 3.01) | 1.47 (0.49 to 4.45) |
| Education level | p=0.72 | p=0.78 | |
| Less than primary | 11/14 (78.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Primary | 32/46 (69.6) | 0.62 (0.15 to 2.59) | 0.59 (0.13 to 2.73) |
| Secondary or above | 43/57 (75.4) | 0.84 (0.20 to 3.44) | 0.64 (0.13 to 3.10) |
| Marital status | p=0.51 | p=0.31 | |
| Single | 57/76 (75.0) | 1 | 1 |
| Married | 27/39 (69.2) | 0.75 (0.32 to 1.76) | 0.66 (0.20 to 2.16) |
| Separated/divorced | 2/2 (100) | – | – |
| Number of children ever had | p=0.76 | p=0.63 | |
| None | 45/62 (72.6) | 1 | 1 |
| 1 | 22/31 (71.0) | 0.92 (0.36 to 2.40) | 0.71 (0.22 to 2.32) |
| 2 or more | 19/24 (79.2) | 1.44 (0.46 to 4.45) | 1.32 (0.32 to 5.41) |
| Behavioural factors | |||
| Lifetime partners | p=0.82 | p=0.70 | |
| 1 | 35/47 (74.5) | 1 | 1 |
| 2–3 | 36/48 (75.0) | 1.03 (0.41 to 2.60) | 0.76 (0.27 to 2.17) |
| 4–5 | 15/22 (68.2) | 0.73 (0.24 to 2.23) | 0.59 (0.17 to 2.07) |
| Age at first sex (years) | p=0.19 | p=0.53 | |
| ≤14 | 10/17 (58.8) | 1 | 1 |
| 15–16 | 35/48 (72.9) | 1.88 (0.59 to 5.99) | 1.53 (0.41 to 5.71) |
| 17–18 | 31/37 (83.8) | 3.73 (1.02 to 13.72) | 2.66 (0.58 to 12.20) |
| 19+ | 9/14 (64.3) | 1.26 (0.29 to 5.42) | 1.18 (0.20 to 6.97) |
| Time since first sex (years) | p=0.40 | p=0.74 | |
| ≤1 year | 19/29 (65.5) | 1 | 1 |
| 2–3 years | 26/34 (76.5) | 1.71 (0.57 to 5.15) | 1.29 (0.38 to 4.41) |
| 4–5 years | 21/25 (84.0) | 2.76 (0.74 to 10.29) | 2.23 (0.49 to 10.17) |
| >5 years | 20/29 (69.0) | 1.17 (0.39 to 3.51) | 1.27 (0.28 to 5.81) |
| Condom use | p=0.05 | p=0.11 | |
| Never | 53/79 (67.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Sometimes | 11/12 (91.7) | 5.40 (0.66 to 44.08) | 4.69 (0.54 to 40.51) |
| Often/always | 22/26 (84.6) | 2.70 (0.84 to 8.64) | 2.64 (0.76 to 9.16) |
| Using hormonal contraception at screening | p=0.08 | p=0.17 | |
| No | 52/76 (68.4) | 1 | 1 |
| Yes | 34/41 (82.9) | 2.24 (0.87 to 5.78) | 2.07 (0.71 to 5.97) |
| Clinical factors | |||
| Ectopy | p=0.45 | p=0.33 | |
| None | 64/89 (71.9) | 1 | 1 |
| <20% | 19/23 (82.6) | 1.86 (0.57 to 6.00) | 2.17 (0.63 to 7.52) |
| 20%–50% | 3/5 (60.0) | 0.59 (0.09 to 3.72) | 0.53 (0.08 to 3.75) |
| Age at menarche (years) | p=0.21 | p=0.29 | |
| ≤13 | 14/24 (58.3) | 1 | 1 |
| 14 | 22/31 (71.0) | 1.75 (0.57 to 5.36) | 1.38 (0.41 to 4.70) |
| 15 | 23/29 (79.3) | 2.74 (0.82 to 9.19) | 2.86 (0.77 to 10.59) |
| 16+ | 27/33 (81.8) | 3.21 (0.97 to 10.68) | 2.78 (0.74 to 10.48) |
| Vaginal flora | p=0.64 | p=0.88 | |
| Negative | 50/65 (76.9) | 1 | 1 |
| Positive (BV) | 22/32 (68.8) | 0.66 (0.26 to 1.70) | 0.83 (0.30 to 2.30) |
| Intermediate | 14/20 (70.0) | 0.70 (0.23 to 2.14) | 0.75 (0.23 to 2.46) |
| Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae | p=0.92 | p=0.52 | |
| Negative | 80/109 (73.4) | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 6/8 (75.0) | 1.09 (0.21 to 5.70) | 1.80 (0.28 to 11.37) |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | p=0.22 | p=0.76 | |
| Negative | 77/102 (75.5) | 1 | 1 |
| Positive | 9/15 (60.0) | 0.49 (0.16 to 1.50) | 0.82 (0.22 to 2.97) |
| Syphilis serology* | |||
| Negative | 84/114 (73.7) | ||
| Past infection | 0/1 (–) | – | – |
| Active infection | 2/2 (100) | – | – |
*Negative defined as negative on both TPPA and RPR. Past infection defined as positive on TPPA and negative on RPR. Active infection defined as positive on both TPPA and RPR.
BV, bacterial vaginosis; HPV, human papillomavirus; RPR, rapid plasma reagin; TPPA, Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay.