Table 3.
Correlates of IPV among Women
| Study visits n=23393 |
Visits IPV reported n=609 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlates | n(%)* | n(%) | OR (95%CI) | P | AOR (95%CI) | P |
| Socio-Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <25 | 5021 (21.5) | 147 (2.9) | 1.87 (1.12, 3.14) | 0.017 | 1.63 (0.86, 3.08) | 0.134 |
| 25–34 | 11266 (48.2) | 306 (2.7) | 1.73 (1.05, 2.84) | 0.030 | 1.71 (0.96, 3.05) | 0.069 |
| 35–44 | 5509 (23.6) | 129 (2.3) | 1.51 (0.89, 2.56) | 0.131 | 1.64 (0.92, 2.92) | 0.095 |
| 45+ | 1592 (6.8) | 26 (1.6) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Region | ||||||
| East Africa | 16476 (70.4) | 368 (2.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Southern Africa | 6917 (29.6) | 241 (3.5) | 1.58 (1.30, 1.93) | <0.001 | 1.28 (0.98, 1.66) | 0.068 |
| Education (years) | ||||||
| None | 1269 (5.4) | 47 (3.7) | 1.4 (0.92, 2.13) | 0.117 | ||
| 1–8 | 12839 (54.9) | 318 (2.5) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.16) | 0.594 | ||
| >8 | 9285 (39.7) | 244 (2.6) | Reference | |||
| Monthly income | ||||||
| None | 17386 (74.3) | 463 (2.7) | 1.32 (0.92, 1.89) | 0.138 | ||
| < median site income | 3619 (15.5) | 94 (2.6) | 1.30 (0.84, 2.01) | 0.243 | ||
| ≥median site income | 2377 (10.2) | 48 (2.0) | Reference | |||
| Couple Characteristics | ||||||
| Age difference (years , man’s age –woman’s age) | ||||||
| ≤−5 | 761 (3.3) | 27 (3.6) | 1.63 (0.94, 2.84) | 0.084 | 1.53 (0.84, 2.78) | 0.166 |
| −5 to 5 | 10437 (44.6) | 283 (2.7) | 1.21 (0.93, 1.57) | 0.149 | 1.14 (0.86, 1.51) | 0.351 |
| 5 to 10 | 6513 (27.8) | 157 (2.4) | 1.08 (0.81, 1.44) | 0.609 | 1.14 (0.84, 1.54) | 0.407 |
| 10+ | 5641 (24.1) | 127 (2.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Married | ||||||
| Yes | 18322 (78.3) | 434 (2.4) | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 5071 (21.7) | 175 (3.5) | 1.47 (1.18, 1.82) | <0.001 | 1.42 (1.04, 1.92) | 0.026 |
| Living together | ||||||
| Yes | 21323 (91.2) | 573 (2.7) | 1.55 (1.03, 2.33) | 0.035 | 2.57 (1.59, 4.15) | <0.001 |
| No | 2070 (8.9) | 36 (1.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Partnership duration (years) | ||||||
| <2 | 4701 (20.1) | 123 (2.6) | 1.41 (1.03, 1.93) | 0.032 | 1.22 (0.82, 1.81) | 0.326 |
| 2 to 5 | 5998 (25.6) | 211 (3.5) | 1.93 (1.45, 2.56) | <0.001 | 1.59 (1.12, 2.26) | 0.010 |
| 5 to 10 | 6239 (26.7) | 153 (2.5) | 1.35 (1.00, 1.82) | 0.054 | 1.26 (0.90, 1.77) | 0.186 |
| 10+ | 6226 (26.6) | 115 (1.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Children together | ||||||
| Yes | 16470 (70.4) | 410 (2.5) | Reference | |||
| No | 6914 (29.6) | 199 (2.9) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.40) | 0.230 | ||
| Self-reported Sexual Behavior | ||||||
| Unprotected sex with study partner, prior month | ||||||
| Yes | 2775 (11.9) | 132 (4.8) | 1.98 (1.59, 2.45) | <0.001 | 1.86 (1.46, 2.37) | <0.001 |
| No | 20593 (88.0) | 463 (2.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Other sex partners, prior month | ||||||
| Yes | 765 (3.3) | 26 (3.4) | 1.11 (0.69, 1.79) | 0.674 | ||
| No | 22060 (94.3) | 548 (2.5) | Reference | |||
| Medical Characteristics | ||||||
| STI at enrollment | ||||||
| Yes | 3523 (15.1) | 111 (3.2) | 1.29 (1.01, 1.67) | 0.045 | 1.14 (0.88, 1.48) | 0.326 |
| No | 17636 (75.4) | 432 (2.5) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Pregnant during study | ||||||
| Yes | 5809 (24.8) | 171 (2.9) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.52) | 0.072 | 1.21 (0.94, 1.56) | 0.135 |
| No | 17569 (75.1) | 424 (2.4) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Hormonal contraceptive use | ||||||
| Yes | 5016 (21.4) | 148 (3.0) | 1.15 (0.93, 1.43) | 0.201 | ||
| No | 18362 (78.5) | 447 (2.4) | Reference | |||
| HIV Characteristics | ||||||
| HIV infected | 15691 (67.1) | 433 (2.8) | 1.22 (0.98, 1.53) | 0.081 | 1.33 (1.01, 1.76) | 0.043 |
| HIV uninfected | 7702 (32.9) | 176 (2.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
| CD4 count** | ||||||
| <350 | 4450 (28.4) | 92 (2.1) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.84) | 0.001 | 0.72 (0.54, 0.96) | 0.027 |
| 350–499 | 4493 (28.6) | 113 (2.5) | 0.79 (0.62, 1.01) | 0.058 | 0.81 (0.63, 1.05) | 0.116 |
| ≥500 | 6712 (42.8) | 214 (3.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
| WHO stage of disease** | ||||||
| I & II | 14898 (95.0) | 398 (2.7) | Reference | |||
| III & IV | 757 (4.8) | 21 (2.8) | 1.05 (0.69, 1.60) | 0.812 | ||
| ART*** | ||||||
| Yes | 616 (3.9) | 4 (0.7) | 0.24 (0.09, 0.61) | 0.003 | 0.42 (0.16, 1.15) | 0.091 |
| No | 15039 (95.8) | 415 (2.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Seroconverted to HIV during study*** | ||||||
| Yes | 260 (3.4) | 13 (5.0) | 2.71 (1.26, 5.82) | 0.011 | 1.62 (0.59, 4.47) | 0.348 |
| No | 7442 (96.6) | 163 (2.2) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Time in study | ||||||
| Enrollment | 3408 (14.6) | 99 (2.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1–6 months | 6502 (27.8) | 237 (3.7) | 1.27 (1.01, 1.58) | 0.039 | 1.53 (1.17, 1.97) | 0.002 |
| 7–12 months | 5993 (25.6) | 153 (2.6) | 0.88 (0.69, 1.13) | 0.318 | 1.14 (0.86, 1.51) | 0.360 |
| 13–18 months | 4610 (19.7) | 80 (1.7) | 0.61 (0.46, 0.80) | <0.001 | 0.70 (0.50, 0.97) | 0.031 |
| 19–24 months | 2880 (12.3) | 40 (1.4) | 0.47 (0.32, 0.67) | <0.001 | 0.63 (0.42, 0.96) | 0.031 |
*
Column totals may not add up to total number of study visits due to missing data.
**
Limited to 15,691 study visits by 2,299 HIV-infected women.
***
Limited to 1,109 initially HIV-uninfected participants (61 women seroconverted).
OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; STI, sexually transmitted infection; IPV, intimate partner violence; WHO, World Health Organization; ART, antiretroviral therapy