Table 4.
Correlates of IPV Among Men
| Study visits n=23221 |
Visits IPV reported n=198 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Correlates | n(%)* | n(%) | OR (95%CI) | P | AOR (95%CI) | P |
| Socio �Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Age (years) | ||||||
| <25 | 1260 (5.4) | 14 (1.1) | 2.47 (1.12, 5.45) | 0.025 | 1.99 (0.77, 5.14) | 0.154 |
| 25–34 | 8350 (36.0) | 86 (1.0) | 2.30 (1.36, 3.90) | 0.002 | 1.85 (0.96, 3.55) | 0.065 |
| 35–44 | 8270 (35.6) | 74 (0.9) | 2.01 (1.18, 3.42) | 0.010 | 1.90 (1.04, 3.45) | 0.036 |
| 45+ | 5325 (22.9) | 24 (0.5) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Region | ||||||
| East Africa | 16436 (70.8) | 99 (0.6) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Southern Africa | 6785 (29.2) | 99 (1.5) | 2.40 (1.74, 3.31) | <0.001 | 2.19 (1.46, 3.28) | <0.001 |
| Education (years) | ||||||
| None | 805 (3.5) | 8 (1.0) | 0.98 (0.45, 2.14) | 0.955 | 1.21 (0.52, 2.83) | 0.655 |
| 1–8 | 10577 (45.6) | 75 (0.7) | 0.72 (0.51, 1.00) | 0.048 | 0.88 (0.62, 1.25) | 0.482 |
| >8 | 11832 (51.0) | 115 (1.0) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Monthly income | ||||||
| None | 9166 (39.5) | 68 (0.7) | 0.80 (0.54, 1.18) | 0.265 | ||
| < median site income | 5900 (25.4) | 52 (0.9) | 0.95 (0.65, 1.41) | 0.807 | ||
| ≥ median site income | 8153 (35.1) | 77 (0.9) | Reference | |||
| Couple Characteristics | ||||||
| Age difference (years, man’s age –woman’s age) | ||||||
| ≤−5 | 738 (3.2) | 9 (1.2) | 2.00 (0.90, 4.43) | 0.087 | 1.32 (0.55, 3.16) | 0.540 |
| −5 to 5 | 10272 (44.2) | 102 (1.0) | 1.65 (1.06, 2.59) | 0.028 | 1.23 (0.74, 2.07) | 0.426 |
| 5 to 10 | 6484 (27.9) | 50 (0.8) | 1.27 (0.78, 2.08) | 0.331 | 1.04 (0.62, 1.76) | 0.874 |
| 10+ | 5703 (24.6) | 35 (0.6) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Married | ||||||
| Yes | 18275 (78.7) | 125 (0.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| No | 4945 (21.3) | 73 (1.5) | 2.19 (1.57, 3.06) | <0.001 | 1.25 (0.78, 2.01) | 0.351 |
| Living together | ||||||
| Yes | 21223 (91.4) | 186 (0.9) | 1.51 (0.81, 2.82) | 0.191 | ||
| No | 1997 (8.6) | 12 (0.6) | Reference | |||
| Partnership Duration (years) | ||||||
| <2 | 4611 (19.9) | 51 (1.1) | 1.87 (1.14, 3.05) | 0.013 | 1.36 (0.69, 2.69) | 0.378 |
| 2 to 5 | 5926 (25.5) | 56 (0.9) | 1.57 (0.98, 2.51) | 0.059 | 1.22 (0.64, 2.34) | 0.546 |
| 5 to 10 | 6090 (26.2) | 51 (0.8) | 1.40 (0.85, 2.29) | 0.182 | 1.45 (0.80, 2.62) | 0.217 |
| 10+ | 6342 (27.3) | 38 (0.6) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Children together | ||||||
| Yes | 16322 (70.3) | 138 (0.9) | Reference | |||
| No | 6894 (26.7) | 60 (0.9) | 1.05 (0.74, 1.49) | 0.779 | ||
| Self-reported Sexual Behavior | ||||||
| Unprotected sex with partner, prior month | ||||||
| Yes | 2754 (11.9) | 30 (1.1) | 1.26 (0.81, 1.98) | 0.305 | ||
| No | 20454( 88.1) | 166 (0.8) | Reference | |||
| Other sex partners, prior month | ||||||
| Yes | 2271 (9.8) | 32 (1.4) | 1.75 (1.11, 2.76) | 0.016 | 2.57 (1.61, 4.10) | <0.001 |
| No | 19723 (84.9) | 147 (0.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Medical Characteristics | ||||||
| STI at enrollment | ||||||
| Yes | 1854 (8.0) | 8 (0.4) | 0.48 (0.22, 1.04) | 0.063 | 0.45 (0.21, 0.97) | 0.041 |
| No | 20947 (90.2) | 184 (0.9) | Reference | Reference | ||
| HIV Characteristics | ||||||
| HIV infected | 7783 (33.5) | 80 (1.0) | 1.34 (0.97, 1.85) | 2.20 (1.40, 3.44) | 0.001 | |
| HIV uninfected | 15438 (66.48) | 118 (0.8) | Reference | Reference | ||
| CD4 count** | ||||||
| <350 | 2,793 (35.9) | 22 (0.8) | 0.59 (0.33, 1.06) | 0.076 | 0.66 (0.37, 1.18) | 0.164 |
| 350–499 | 2,456 (31.6) | 23 (0.9) | 0.69 (0.39, 1.22) | 0.202 | 0.66 (0.36, 1.19) | 0.166 |
| ≥500 | 2526 (32.5) | 33 (1.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
| WHO stage of disease** | ||||||
| I & II | 7373 (94.7) | 75 (1.0) | Reference | |||
| III & IV | 402 (5.2) | 3 (0.8) | 0.69 (0.19, 2.50) | 0.571 | ||
| ART*** | ||||||
| Yes | 422 (5.4) | 2 (0.5) | 0.46 (0.13, 1.69) | 0.243 | ||
| No | 7353 (94.5) | 76 (1.0) | Reference | |||
| Seroconverted to HIV during study*** | ||||||
| Yes | 371 (2.4) | 6 (1.6) | 2.09 (0.93, 4.69) | 0.070 | 1.69 (0.62, 4.64) | 0.305 |
| No | 15067 (97.6) | 112 (0.7) | Reference | Reference | ||
| Time in study | ||||||
| Enrollment | 3408 (14.7) | 45 (1.3) | Reference | Reference | ||
| 1–6 months | 6429 (27.7) | 81 (1.3) | 0.95 (0.67, 1.35) | 0.776 | 0.99 (0.65, 1.52) | 0.981 |
| 7–12 months | 5937 (25.6) | 42 (0.7) | 0.52 (0.35, 0.79) | 0.002 | 0.52 (0.32, 0.83) | 0.006 |
| 13–18 months | 4547 (19.6) | 18 (0.4) | 0.29 (0.17, 0.52) | <0.001 | 0.29 (0.16, 0.55) | <0.001 |
| 19–24 months | 2900 (12.5) | 12 (0.4) | 0.28 (0.13, 0.59) | 0.001 | 0.31 (0.14, 0.69) | 0.004 |
*
Column totals may not add up to total number of study visits due to missing data.
**
Limited to 7,783 study visits by HIV-infected men.
***
Limited to 2,299 initially-HIV uninfected participants (90 men seroconverted).
OR, odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; STI, sexually transmitted infection; IPV, intimate partner violence; WHO, World Health Organization; ART, antiretroviral therapy