Table 4.

Average over four years area under the curve results (per year) from adjusted as-treated outcome analysis by utilization of opioid at enrollment.

IDH	ESI	Surgical	Non-operative	Treatment Effect† (95% CI)
SF-36 Bodily Pain (BP) (0–100) (SE)	Non-Opioid	44 (1.2)	39.9 (1.3)	4.2 (0.5, 7.8)
	Opioid	44.1 (1.1)	36.7 (1.5)	7.4 (3.6, 11.2)
	pvalue	0.96	0.078	0.15
SF-36 Physical Function (PF) (0–100) (SE)	Non-Opioid	41 (1.2)	34.8 (1.3)	6.2 (2.6, 9.8)
	Opioid	40.7 (1.1)	33.2 (1.4)	7.5 (3.8, 11.3)
	pvalue	0.84	0.36	0.55
Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (0–100) (SE)	Non-Opioid	−34.8 (1)	−29.9 (1.1)	−4.9 (−7.9, −1.8)
	Opioid	−35.1 (0.9)	−28.4 (1.2)	−6.7 (−9.9, −3.5)
	pvalue	0.84	0.30	0.34
Sciatica Bothersomeness Index (0–24) (SE)	Non-Opioid	−9.7 (0.3)	−8.6 (0.3)	−1.1 (−1.9, −0.2)
	Opioid	−9.8 (0.3)	−8.1 (0.3)	−1.7 (−2.6, −0.8)
	pvalue	0.78	0.17	0.20