Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 22.
Published in final edited form as: Ear Hear. 2012 Mar-Apr;33(2):195–208. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0b013e31823235b5

Figure 10.

Figure 10

Electric-circuit analog models that represents structures of the middle ear (Kringle-botn, 1988). Outlined sections illustrate the functional representations of the model, and the exact model-element values are described in Kringlebotn (1988). Modifications from Kringle-botn’s model for the normal ear are described within the text. PTM is the pressure at the tympanic membrane, and the power reflectance ℛ and transmittance T are calculated from the input impedance at the tympanic membrane. The acoustic quantities of sound pressure and volume velocity are analogous to the electric quantities of voltage and current. Acoustic losses are represented as resistors, compliances as capacitors, and masses as inductors.