Measurements of ℛ for eight ears in the normal state and for the states of stapes fixation and ossicular disarticulation. Five of the eight ears provided adequate visibility to fix the stapes (dashed black line for LL10R, LL11R, LL11L, LL14R, and LL14L). The incudostapedial joint (solid gray line) was disarticulated on all eight ears, and the incudo-malleolar joint (dashed gray line) was disarticulated on one ear (LL14R).