Table 2. Changes after 1 year between the control group and the intervention group.
| Intervention group (n = 177) | Control group (n = 158) | Between group +/− | ||||||
| Baseline Mean (SD) | Follow-up Mean (SD) | Change | Baseline Mean (SD) | Follow-up Mean (SD) | Change | Difference (95%CI)b | P valueb | |
| Weight status | ||||||||
| Body weight in kg | 76.3 (13.5) | 76.1 (13.7) | −0.2 (3.3) | 73.7 (12.7) | 74.1 (12.9) | +0.4 (3.1) | 0.6 (−0.1, 1.3) | 0.08 |
| BMI in kg/m2 | 28.1 (3.9) | 28.0 (4.0) | −0.1 (1.2) | 27.2 (3.8) | 27.4 (3.8) | +0.1 (1.1) | 0.2 (−0.04, 0.5) | 0.09 |
| Waist circumference in cm | 94 (11) | 95 (10) | +1 (5) c | 92 (10) | 94 (13) | +2 (10) c | 1 (−1, 2) | 0.50 |
| Hip circumference in cm | 99 (9) | 99 (8) | 0 | 98 (8) | 98 (8) | 0 | 0 (−0.2, 2) | 0.13 |
| Fat mass in % | 36.6 (9.2) | 35.7 (9.1) | −0.9 (3.4) c | 36.0 (9.3) | 35.1 (9.3) | −0.9 (2.7) c | 0 (−0.6, 0.7) | 0.84 |
| Weight change in % | N/A | −0.2 (4.2) | N/A | N/A | 0.6 (4.0) | N/A | 0.8 (−0.1, 1.6) | 0.10 |
| Change in weight a | ||||||||
| No change in % | N/A | 32.2 | N/A | N/A | 38.9 | N/A | 6.7 (−3.6, 17.0) | 0.12 |
| Any weight loss in % | N/A | 37.3 | N/A | N/A | 19.1 | N/A | 18.2 (8.6, 27.8) | <0.01 |
| >5% weight loss in % | N/A | 10.7 | N/A | N/A | 8.2 | N/A | 2.5 (−3.8, 8.8) | 0.28 |
| Weight gain in % | N/A | 30.5 | N/A | N/A | 41.8 | N/A | 11.3 (0.9, 21.5) | 0.02 |
| Glucose metabolism | ||||||||
| HbA1c in mmol/mol | 39 (4) | 39 (4) | 0 (3) | 39 (4) | 39 (4) | 0 (3) | 0 (−1, 1) | 0.99 |
| HbA1c in % | 5.7 (0.4) | 5.7 (0.4) | 0 (0.4) | 5.7 (0.4) | 5.7 (0.4) | 0 (0.3) | 0 (−0.1, 0.1) | 0.99 |
| Fasting plasma glucose in mmol/l | 5.3 (0.5) | 4.9 (0.9) | −0.5 (0.9) c | 5.3 (0.5) | 4.8 (0.8) | −0.5 (0.8) c | 0.0 (−0.14, 0.22) | 0.66 |
| 2-h post-load glucose in mmol/l | 6.3 (1.6) | 6.3 (1.9) | 0.0 (1.9) | 5.9 (1.8) | 6.0 (1.8) | +0.1 (1.9) | 0.1 (−0.35, 0.55) | 0.44 |
| Fasting plasma insulin in pmol/l | 15 (9) | 13 (8) | −2 (7) c | 14 (8) | 13 (12) | −1 (11) | 1 (−1, 4) | 0.12 |
| HOMA-IRd | 3.6 (2.4) | 2.7 (1.7) | −0.8 (2.0)c | 3.3 (2.0) | 2.8 (2.0) | −0.5 (2.0)c | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.7) | 0.22 |
| Blood pressure | ||||||||
| Systolic pressure in mm Hg | 130 (16) | 132 (19) | +2 c | 129 (19) | 129 (0) | 0 | 2 (−1, 4) | 0.18 |
| Diastolic pressure in mm Hg | 84 (10) | 82 (10) | −2 c | 83 (11) | 81 (10) | −2 c | 0 (−1, 2) | 0.51 |
| Lipids | ||||||||
| Total cholesterol in mmol/l | 5.05 (0.89) | 5.17 (0.97) | +0.12 (0.78) c | 5.00 (1.04) | 5.07 (1.07) | +0.08 (0.96) c | 0.04 (−0.15, 0.23) | 0.67 |
| HDL cholesterol in mmol/l | 1.26 (0.30) | 1.36 (0.33) | +0.10 (0.16) c | 1.29 (0.34) | 1.36 (0.35) | +0.07 (0.22) c | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.70) | 0.24 |
| LDL cholesterol in mmol/l | 3.26 (0.83) | 3.28 (0.87) | +0.02 (0.69) | 3.12 (0.95) | 3.15 (1.02) | +0.03 (0.87) | 0.01 (−0.17, 0.18) | 0.97 |
| Triglycerides in mmol/l | 1.26 (0.65) | 1.26 (0.62) | 0.00 (0.53) | 1.25 (0.63) | 1.21 (0.91) | −0.04 (0.56) | 0.04 (−0.09, 0.16) | 0.55 |
BMI = Body mass index, HbA1c = haemoglobin A1c, HDL = high-density lipoprotein, LDL = low-density lipoprotein, N/A = not applicable, 95%CI = 95% confidence interval, HOMA-IR = homeostasis model assessment- insulin resistance.
Data in parentheses are standard deviations following means.
Any weight loss = weight loss >1 kg; weight gain = weight gain >1 kg.
The differences with corresponding 95%CI's in changes over time between control group and intervention group were determined with independent sample t-tests for continuous measures and chi-square tests for categorical measures.
P<0.05 for differences between baseline and follow-up measurements of metabolic characteristics determined with paired t-tests.
HOMA-IR was calculated as (fasting plasma glucose * fasting plasma insulin)/22.5 [26].