Table 1.
The evidence for medication associated alterations in sperm and pregnancy potential
| Medication Category | Medication | Case Report Evidence | In vitro evidence (Trial) | Clinical evidence (Trial) | Evidence for Semen Alteration | Evidence for Altered Pregnancy Potential | Studies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-depressants | |||||||
| Paroxitine | + | + | + | 22,24 | |||
| Citalopram | + | + | + | 21,24 | |||
| Fluoxetine | + | + | 24 | ||||
| Sertraline | + | + | + | 21,24 | |||
| Bupropion | + | + | 21 | ||||
| Combination SSRI | + | + | 22 | ||||
| Calcium channel blockers | |||||||
| Diltiazem | + | + | 28 | ||||
| Nifedipine | + | + | 29 | ||||
| Non-Specified or Mixed CCB | + | + | + | 27,32 | |||
| Alpha-adrenergic blockers | |||||||
| Tamsulosin | + | + | 33,34 | ||||
| Alfuzosin | + | − | 34,35 | ||||
| Anti-epilepsy | |||||||
| Phenytoin | + | + | − | − | 39,40,41 | ||
| Carbamazepine | + | + | − | + | 40,41,42 | ||
| Valproate | + | + | − | 40,41,42,58 | |||
| Anti-retroviral | |||||||
| HAART | + | + | + | − | 45,48,51 | ||
| Saquinavir | + | + | 50 | ||||
This table outlines the evidence from the studies discussed in this review. Listed are medication categories and specific medications evaluated. The type of evidence is determined as either including a case report, in vitro, or clinical structure. The evidence is also determined to have evaluated the impact on fertility and change in sperm count or function. “ + ” denotes a “Yes” response, “−” denotes a “No” response. Blank spaces indicate no study evaluated this category among the reviewed articles