Table 1.

Hierarchical linear models testing the association of maternal psychological distress and well-being with blood flow resistance in the umbilical and uterine arteries.

	Umbilical Artery RI			Right Uterine Artery RI			Left Uterine Artery RI
Fixed Effects	Estimate	SE	t	Estimate	SE	t	Estimate	SE	t
Intercept	0.57	0.01	95.53***	0.45	0.01	49.08***	0.46	0.01	53.93***
Gestational Age	−0.009	0.001	−15.08***	−0.005	0.001	−5.60***	−0.002	0.001	2.73*
Parity	−0.002	0.01	−0.22	0.03	0.01	2.21*	0.02	0.01	2.28*
Maternal Distress	−0.001	0.001	−0.58	−0.005	0.002	−2.35*	0.001	0.002	0.49
Random Effects	Estimate	SE	Z	Estimate	SE	Z	Estimate	SE	Z
Intercept Variance	0.001	0.000	3.84***	0.002	0.001	3.88***	0.002	0.000	4.05***
Residual	0.002	0.000	12.93***	0.005	0.000	12.47***	0.005	0.000	12.66***
Fixed Effects	Umbilical Artery RI			Right Uterine Artery RI			Left Uterine Artery RI
Intercept	0.57	0.01	95.62***	0.45	0.01	48.84***	0.46	0.01	54.60***
Gestational Age	−0.009	0.001	−15.14***	−0.005	0.001	−5.58***	−0.002	0.001	2.79*
Parity	−0.003	0.01	−0.39	0.03	0.01	2.25*	0.02	0.01	2.09
Maternal Well-being	−0.003	0.002	−1.30	0.003	0.003	0.97	−0.006	0.003	−2.09*
Random Effects	Estimate	SE	Z	Estimate	SE	Z	Estimate	SE	Z
Intercept Variance	0.001	0.000	3.84***	0.002	0.001	3.88***	0.002	0.000	4.05***
Residual	0.002	0.000	12.93***	0.005	0.000	12.47***	0.005	0.000	12.66***

^*p < 0.05

^**p < 0.01

^***p < 0.0001

Note Gestational age was centered at 38 weeks. Random effects specified for the models for the covariance of the intercept across individuals were all statistically significant with p < 0.0001.