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Proposed mechanisms for the ELT-induced increase of force of contraction in atrial cardiomyocytes. ELT, ethanol extract of Lycopus lucidus Turcz; β-ADR, β-adrenoceptor; LTCC, L-type Ca2+ channel; SR, sarcoplasmic reticulum; propranolol, a β-adrenoceptor blocker; diltiazem and veraparmil, the selective L-type Ca2+ channel inhibitors; ryanodine, a ryanodine receptor antagonist, thapsigargin, an SR Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor;+, stimulation; ⊺, inhibition.
