Table 1.

Compounds Exhibiting Antifungal Activity Identified in the C. elegans-C. albicans Infection Assay to Date

Category	Compound	Action/Use	Reference
Established antifungals
	Amphotericin B	Interaction with ergosterol to form transmembrane channels [81, 82]	[59]
	Bifonazole	Interference with ergosterol synthesis [83]	[59]
	Butoconazole nitrate	Interference with ergosterol synthesis [84, 85]	[59]
	Ketoconazole	Interference with ergosterol synthesis [83]	[59]
	Nystatin	Binding to ergosterol to induce permeability changes [86]	[59]
	Oxiconazole nitrate	Interference with ergosterol synthesis [84, 87]	[59]
	Terconazole	Interference with ergosterol synthesis [88]	[59]
Immunosuppressant agents
	Ascomycin (Ethyl analogue of FK-506)	Binding to immunophilins and inhibition of Th1 & Th2 cytokine production [89]	[59]
	Cyclosporin A	Complex formation with cyclophilin to inhibit calcineurin [90]	[59]
	FK-506 (Tacrolimus)	Complex formation with FKBP-12 to inhibit calcineurin [91, 92]	[59]
Plant-derived saponin natural products
	A2 Sakurasosaponin	Molluscicidal and antifungal triterpenoid saponin [93]	[62]
	A6 Arvensoside B	No previous reports on antifungal activity	[62]
	A7	No previous reports on antifungal activity	[62]
	A8 (Analogue of A16)	Glycosylated derivative of Aginoside [94, 95]	[62]
	All	No previous reports on antifungal activity	[62]
	A16 Aginoside	Known antifungal natural product [94, 95]	[62]
	A17	Pentasaccharide that incorporates the distal furanose residue, related to maesabalide family; no reports on antifungal activity [96]	[62]
	A19	Related to barrigenol family, unique polyglycosylation [97,98]	[62]
	A20	No previous reports on antifungal activity	[62]
	A21	Pentasaccharide that incorporates the distal furanose residue, related to maesabalide family; no reports on antifungal activity [96]	[62]
	A24 (Analogue of A 16)	Glycosylated derivative of Aginoside [94, 95]	[62]
	A25	Related to barrigenol family, unique polyglycosylation; excellent activity against C. albicans in vitro [97]	[62]
Other compounds
	Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE)	Active component of propolis, a natural antimicrobial resinous plant product collected & used by honeybees for protection of hives [99]	[49]
	Concanamycin A	Potent & specific inhibition of vacuolar-ATPase [100]	[59]
	Dequalinium chloride	Potent anti-tumor activity and protein kinase C alpha (PKC) inhibition [101]	[59]
	Ellipticine	Potent anti-tumor agent; DNA intercalation and/or topoisomerase II inhibition [102]	[59]
	Enoxacin	Fluoroquinolone antibiotic; enhancement of in vitro antifungal activity of amphotericin B & mepartricin; no inhibition of filament formation in C. elegans-killing assay [103]	[49]
	Lapachol	Naphthoquinone found in tropical plant seeds & heartwood; anti-leishmanicidal activity [104, 105]	[49]
	Malachite green carbinol base	Metabolism to carbinol form, then to toxic leucomalachite green form; used for parasitic, fungal & bacterial infections in fish & fish eggs [106, 107]	[59]
	Mepartricin	Used to treat chronic pelvic pain syndrome; reduction of estrogen plasma levels & their con- centration in the prostrate; antifungal activity against Candida [108]	[59]
	Phenylmercuric acetate	Metabolism to diphenylmercury; used as fungicide, herbicide, slimicide & bacteriocide [109]	[59]
	Suloctidil	Used as a peripheral vasodilator, formerly in treating peripheral and cerebral vascular disor- ders; hepatotoxic [110]	[59]
	Triadimefon	Gibberellin & sterol biosynthesis [111]	[59]
	Valinomycin	Apoptosis inducer by disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential; affects C. albicans morphology [112, 113]	[59]