Table 2.
Proteins/Peptides delivered to CNS through the nasal route
| Peptides/Proteins (M.W) | Detected By | Pharmacodynamic data | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| NAP(825da) | Detected in brain, Functional assays | Improved memory; reduced AD-like pathology; decreased hyperactivity; reduced hypoxia-induced oxidative stress | [96] |
| Hypocretin-1(2.6Kda) | Detected highest amounts in trigeminal nerve and olfactory bulbs, small amount in CSF | Improved task performance following sleep deprivation | [97] |
| Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide(PACAP)(4.5kda | Detected in brain within 5 to 30min, radioactivity | Stimulated non-amyloidogenic processing and improved cognitive function in an AD model | [98] |
| Insulin(5.8kda) | Detected in brain, CSF levels not determined, radioactivity | Slowed cognitive decline, improved mortality, and reduced neuropathic pain in a model of type I diabetes; improved memory recognition, anxiolytic behavior | [99] |
| Leptin(16kda) | Detected in brain, small amount in CSF, Radioactivity count | Inhibited appetite; decreased weight gain | [100] |
| Interferon β1b(18.5kda) | Detected in brain, Radioactivity count, Autoradiography | Phosphorylated INF receptor | [101] |
| Ciliary neurotropic factor(CNTF)(22.7kda) | Detected in brain within 25min, CSF levels not determined, functional assay | pAkt activated in occipital cortex | [102] |
| Transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1)(25kda) | Detected in brain, no CSF detection, highest levels in 60min | Reduced infarct volume, improved functional recovery, and increased neurogenesis in stroke models | [103] |
| Brain derived neurotropic factor(BNDF)(27kda) | Detected in brain within 25min, functional assay | pAkt activated in frontal cortex | [102] |
| Erythropoietin(EPO)(30-34kda) | Detected in brain | Reduced infarct volume and improved neurologic function in stroke models | [104] |
| Vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)(38.2kda) | Detected in brain, no CSF detection | Reduced infarct volume, improved behavioral recovery, and enhanced neurogenesis in stroke models | [105] |
| Ovalbumin(45 kda) | Detected in brain qualitatively by fluorescence microscopy | Not determined | [68] |