TABLE 6.

Summary of studied zoonotic pathogens, with information on vectors and reservoir adapted for northern regions

Pathogen	Distribution	Reservoir	Mode of transmission
Toxoplasma gondii	Worldwide	Felids (definitive host); other mammals (including marine mammals) and birds (intermediate hosts)	Consuming undercooked infected meat or oocysts from dirt and soil (children), ingesting water contaminated by oocysts, transplacental
Echinococcus granulosus	Worldwide rural areas	Canids (final host) Intermediate host (moose/deer-sylvatic cycle)	Exposure to dog feces (hand-to-mouth transfer). Dogs shed eggs in feces after consuming internal organs of infected mammals
Toxocara canis	Worldwide	Dogs (definite host)	Consuming eggs in contaminated soil (children), contact with dogs feces, contaminated material (eg, unwashed raw vegetables)
Trichinella species	Worldwide	Bears, walrus, pigs	Ingestion of partially cooked or raw meat
Francisella tularensis	Nothern hemisphere	Muskrats, rabbits, hares, voles, rodents, ticks	Inoculation of skin, conjunctival sac, oropharyngial mucosa by contaminated material, handling/ingesting insufficiently cooked meat, tick bites
Leptospira species	Worldwide	Wild or domestic animals: dogs, rats, raccoons, swine, cattle	Contact of the skin or mucous membranes with material contaminated by urine of infected animals, exposure to contaminated water through water sports
Coxiella burnetii	Worldwide	Sheeps, goats, cattle, cats, dogs, birds, wild mammals	Airborne dissemination from dust contaminated by placental tissues, birth fluids or excreta from infected animals.
Jamestown Canyon virus	North America	Wild ungulates, especially white-tailed deer, and mosquitoes	Contact with infected mosquitoes
Snowshoe hare virus	North America, Eastern Asia	Wild mammals including snowshoe hares and mosquitoes	Contact with infected mosquitoes
Sin Nombre virus	North America	Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus)	Aerosolized deer mice excreta