Table 2.
The relationship between regional average household income and population-weighted annual average PM10 (μg.m-3), 2004–2008
| |
(a) Correlation coefficients |
(b) Pollutant means (μg.m-3, CI) |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
|
by household income quintile (year specific) |
Ratio Q1:Q5 | |||||
| All regions | Q1 (lowest) | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 (highest) | |||
|
Whole sample | ||||||||
| n regions |
235 |
235 |
47 |
47 |
47 |
47 |
47 |
|
| 2004 |
−0.25** |
21.7 (20.7 to 22.7) |
27.5 (25.4 to 29.5)£ |
21.4 (19.0 to 23.7) |
18.7 (17.3 to 20.1)$ |
22.2 (20.5 to 23.9) |
23.1 (21.3 to 24.9) |
1.2 |
| 2005 |
−0.35*** |
22.9 (21.9 to 24.0) |
30.4 (28.3 to 32.6)£ |
21.7 (19.8 to 23.6) |
19.1 (17.6 to 20.6)$ |
23.0 (21.2 to 24.8) |
23.0 (21.3 to 24.7) |
1.3 |
| 2006 |
−0.33*** |
24.7 (23.7 to 25.6) |
31.4 (29.4 to 33.4)£ |
23.8 (22.1 to 25.5) |
20.7 (19.1 to 22.3)$ |
25.5 (23.9 to 27.2) |
24.7 (23.1 to 26.3) |
1.3 |
| 2007 |
−0.20** |
22.1 (21.3 to 22.9) |
25.9 (24.3 to 27.6)£ |
22.1 (20.5 to 23.6) |
20.2 (18.9 to 21.6) |
22.7 (20.9 to 24.6) |
22.5 (20.9 to 24.1) |
1.2 |
| 2008 |
−0.14* |
19.4 (18.8 to 20.0) |
22.3 (21.0 to 23.5)£ |
19.4 (18.0 to 20.9) |
18.3 (17.2 to 19.4) |
20.0 (18.6 to 21.4) |
20.2 (18.9 to 21.6) |
1.1 |
|
2004 to 2008 change (% 2004) |
−10.7 |
−18.9 |
−9.0 |
−2.1 |
−10.1 |
−12.5 |
|
|
|
Western Europe | ||||||||
| n regions |
187 |
187 |
38 |
37 |
38 |
37 |
37 |
|
| 2004 |
0.10 |
21.2 (20.3 to 22.1) |
21.9 (19.6 to 24.2) |
18.0 (16.0 to 19.9)$ |
20.8 (19.1 to 22.5) |
22.2 (20.1 to 24.3) |
23.1 (21.1 to 25.2) |
0.9 |
| 2005 |
0.13* |
21.5 (20.7 to 22.4) |
21.5 (19.5 to 23.5) |
18.8 (17.0 to 20.5)$ |
20.9 (19.2 to 22.6) |
23.0 (21.2 to 24.9) |
23.6 (21.5 to 25.7) |
0.9 |
| 2006 |
0.17* |
23.5 (22.7 to 24.3) |
23.1 (21.4 to 24.8) |
20.9 (19.2 to 22.6)$ |
23.4 (21.5 to 25.4) |
25.0 (23.1 to 26.9) |
25.1 (23.3 to 27.0) |
0.9 |
| 2007 |
0.07 |
21.9 (21.1 to 22.7) |
21.9 (20.1 to 23.8) |
20.3 (18.7 to 21.9) |
21.4 (19.5 to 23.2) |
22.6 (20.8 to 24.4) |
23.1 (21.2 to 25.1) |
0.9 |
| 2008 |
0.08 |
19.4 (18.8 to 20.1) |
19.6 (17.9 to 21.2) |
17.8 (16.6 to 19.0) |
19.5 (18.2 to 20.8) |
20.0 (18.3 to 21.7) |
20.1 (18.6 to 21.7) |
1.0 |
|
2004 to 2008 change (% 2004) |
−8.5 |
−10.5 |
−0.8 |
−6.1 |
−10.0 |
−13.0 |
|
|
|
Eastern Europe | ||||||||
| n regions |
48 |
48 |
10 |
10 |
9 |
10 |
9 |
|
| 2004 |
−0.01 |
27.8 (25.8 to 29.9) |
31.8 (28.1 to 35.4) |
24.7 (20.2 to 29.1) |
22.4 (17.4 to 27.4) |
31.7 (25.8 to 37.6) |
28.1 (25.6 to 30.6) |
1.1 |
| 2005 |
−0.04 |
30.8 (28.7 to 32.9) |
34.9 (31.6 to 38.2) |
28.8 (23.5 to 34.0) |
25.1 (20.6 to 29.5) |
34.6 (28.3 to 41.0) |
30.0 (27.4 to 32.6) |
1.2 |
| 2006 |
−0.11 |
32.0 (30.1 to 33.9) |
34.5 (32.3 to 36.7) |
32.0 (27.6 to 36.5) |
27.8 (23.9 to 31.7) |
33.3 (27.0 to 39.7) |
31.8 (26.6 to 37.0) |
1.1 |
| 2007 |
−0.17 |
25.9 (24.3 to 27.5) |
29.5 (26.8 to 32.3) |
25.9 (22.3 to 29.5) |
21.8 (19.2 to 24.4) |
25.9 (21.0 to 30.8) |
26.1 (21.5 to 30.8) |
1.1 |
| 2008 |
0.06 |
22.4 (21.1 to 23.8) |
22.5 (20.5 to 24.5) |
24.0 (22.0 to 26.1) |
18.4 (14.9 to 21.9) |
23.6 (20.2 to 27.0) |
23.4 (19.2 to 27.6) |
1.0 |
| 2004 to 2008 change (% 2004) | −19.4 | −29.1 | −2.5 | −17.9 | −25.6 | −16.8 | ||
Results given for the whole sample and the Western and Eastern European subsamples: (a) correlation coefficients; (b) mean values (95% confidence interval, CI) for all regions combined and for household income quintiles.
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, PM10 Particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 μm.
Correlation coefficients: *0.001 ≤ p < 0.1; **0.0001 ≤ p < 0.001; *** p < 0.0001.
Pollutant means: £ indicates mean is significantly higher than Europe-wide average (p < 0.05), $ indicates significantly lower (p < 0.05).