Table 2.

Studies in vivo on the interactive effects of TiO₂ NPs with chemicals or physical factors

Reference	Supplier	Characteristics of TiO2 NP			Dispersion method	Living organism	Exposure concentration	Exposure method	Exposure time	Exposure condition of combined factors and experiment	Combined effectsa
		Particle size (nm)	Crystal structure	Surface area (m2/g)
20	Zhejiang Hongsheng Nanotechnology	50, 120	NA	NA	Sonicated for 20 min	Kun Ming mice	5 g/kg	Oral gavage	7 d	PbAC: 500 mg/kg	Liver and kidney function↓; ROS: liver↑, kidney/cortex/hippocampus↔; MDA↔; liver/kidney: SOD↔, GSH-Px↔, cortex and hippocampus: SOD↓, GSH-Px↓
32	Skyspring Nanomaterials Inc	5–10	NA	NA	Mixed in a shaker for 24 h	Ceriodaphnia dubia	200 mg/L	In food	24 h	NaH2 AsO4 : 0, 0.45, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25, 2.5, 3, and 4.5 mg/L; pH = 7.8, T = 20°C	TiO2 NPs concentration: mortality at low dose↑; mortality at high dose↓
35	Nanjing High Technology Material	13.5	Anatase	NA	Sonicated for at least 30 min	Daphnia magna	2 mg/L	In water	3 d	Copper nitrate: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70 and 100 μg/L; pH = 7.6, T = 23°C	Cu2+ LC50↓, metallothionein level↓
41	Degussa	21	NA	50	NA	Cyprinus carpio	10.0 ± 1.3 mg/L	In water	0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 d	Cd: 3 4.4 ± 4.8 μg/l, 97.3 ± 6.9 μg/L; pH = 7.8, T = 23°C ± 2°C	Cd accumulation↑
42	Evonik Degussa	21	NA	50 ± 15	Pre-equilibrated for at least 24 h	Zebrafish	5, 10, 20 mg/L	In water	0, 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 16, 20 d	HA: 5, 10, 20 mg/L; Cd: 50 μg/L; pH = 7.0, T = 25°C ± 2°C	Uptake rate constants of Cd bioaccumulation: HA/TiO2↑, HA & TiO2↓
43	vivo Nano	1–10	Anatase	NA	Coated with hydrophilic sodium polyacrylate	Chlamydomonas reinhardtii	1, 3, 10, 30, and 100 mg/L	In water	0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 6 h	Cd: 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/L; pH = 7.5 ± 0.1, T = 25°C	Free Cd2+ concentration in media↓
58	Degussa	21	NA	NA	Ultrasonicated for 10 min	Micrococcus lysodeikticus	0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L	In water	10 min	Lysozymes: 0, 0.42, 0.97, 1.39, 2.08 μM; pH = 7.4	Bacteriolysis activity of lysozyme↓
69	Alfa Aesar	5, 10, 32	NA	210, 115, 45	NA	Xenopus laevis 0	31, 1, 3.1, 10, 31, 100, 310, and 1000 mg/L	In water	14 d	UVA: 400 mW/m2; pH = 7.0~7.8	X. laevis survival↓; tadpole: body length↓, development stages↓,
75	Sigma-Aldrich	NA	Anatase and rutile	NA	Sonicated for 30 min	Female BALB/c nude mice	200 μg per tumor	Air pouch	12 h	UVA: 365 nm, 5 J/cm2, 30 min	Necrosis↑, apoptosis↑, tumor growth↓, survival↑
79	Degussa	21	80% anatase, 20% rutile	50 ± 15	Sonicated for 10 min	D. magna	0.02, 0.2, and 2.0 mg/L	In water	72 h	Pirimicarb: 20 μg/L; UVA: 300–400 nm, 40 ± 5 W/m2, 15 min; T = 20°C ± 1 °C	UVA and nTiO2: pirimicard concentration↓
80	Degussa	27	NA	50	Dispersed on 5 A or 13X surface	Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67	1, 5, 10, and 15 wt%	In solution	30, 60, 270 min	OTC: 50 mg/L; UVA: 254 nm, 845 μW/cm2, 2 h; pH = 7	(TiO2/5A or TiO2/13X) and UVA: inhibition rate↑

Note:

^aThe combined effects are effects with TiO₂ NPs and combined factors, comparing with effects of nTiO₂ or combined factor alone.

Abbreviations: ↓, inhibit, decrease, suppress, or delay; ↑, increase; ↔, no significant changes; GSH, glutathione; NA, data not available; NPs, nanoparticles; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SOD, superoxide dismutase; T, temperature; TiO₂, titanium dioxide; UVA, ultraviolet A; MDA, malondialdehyde; CD, cadmium; HA, humic acid; NaH₂ AsO₄, sodiumarsenate; OTC, oxytetracycline; min, minutes; PbAC, Plumbi Acetatis; h, hours; d, days; pH, the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution; nTiO₂, nano-TiO₂.