Figure 1. Study locations (A and B) in the Cantabrian mountain range, NW Spain (43.

°1′–43°4′N, 5°59′–6°6′W). Photographs depict the four Calluna vulgaris heathland habitat types defined by different structures of the vegetation and bare ground mosaic. A = BARE_CUSHION, B = BARE_SPOT, C = BARE_PATH and D = BURNED. See text for further explanation.