Table 1.

Summary of stress paradigms, hormonal responses and physiological outcome.

Stress paradigm	Duration	Species	Intensity	Predictability	Physiological response	Food intake/body composition	Reference(s)
Visual burrow system	Chronic (3 weeks)	Long evans rats	+	+++	Increased CORT1/decreased CORT2, reduced leptin and insulin2	Decrease in food intake resulting in 10–15% body weight reduction	1Blanchard et al., 1995
							2Tamashiro et al., 2004
Resident intruder paradigm	Intermittent	Syrian hamsters	+++	+	Increased leptin	Increased food intake, body weight and adiposity	Foster et al., 2006
Resident intruder paradigm	1Chronic(10 days)	1C57 BL6/J Mice	+++	+	Increases in CORT, ghrelin1,3, NPY3, AgRP3	Increased food intake; no change in body weight1; Increased carbohydrate intake, body weight and adiposity2,3	1Lutter et al., 2008a,b
	2,3Chronic(21 days)	2CD-1 Mice	++	+++			2Bartolomucci et al., 2004, 2009
		3C57 BL6/J Mice	++	+++			3Patterson et al., 2013
Chronic mild stress	Chronic	1Lister hooded rats	++	+	Increase CORT1,2 and ghrelin2,	Anhedonia and depression1;	1Muscat and Willner, 1992
		2C57 BL6/J-DBA Mice				Decreased consumption of palatable diet and body weight1,2	2Patterson et al., 2010
Foot shock	Acute (1 day)	Syrian hamsters	++	+	Increased leptin, no change in insulin	Increased body mass, feed efficiency and adipose tissue	Solomon et al., 2007
Foot shock	Chronic (3–14 days)	1Wistar rats	++	++	1Increased glucose, increased insulin	1Increased lipolysis	1Farias-Silva et al., 2002;
		2C57 BL6/J Mice				2Decrease in caloric consumption; no change in body weight	2Griffiths et al., 1992
		2BALB/c Mice
Tail pinch	Chronic (6.days−1 × 5 days)	Sprague–Dawley rats	+	+++	n/a	Increased caloric intake and body weight	Rowland and Antelman, 1976
Restraint	1Acute (1 day)	1Sprague–Dawley rats	+	+	Increase cFOS in PVN1,2, LH1 and ARC1;	Orexigenic effects1	1Chagra et al., 2011
	2Acute (15 min)	2C57 BL6/J Mice				Anxiogenic effects2	2Spencer et al., 2012
					Increased CORT2
Restraint	Chronic (14 days)	Sprague–Dawley rats	+	+++	Increased LH AgRP;	Increased feeding-related behaviors and redistribution of energy stores	Chagra et al., 2011
					Decreased MC4-R in ARC and LH
Immobilization	Acute (2 h)	Albino wistar rats	+++	+	Dramatic increase in CORT	Decrease food intake and body weight	Haque et al., 2012
Immobilization	1Chronic (1 h × 7 days)	Sprague–Dawley rats	+++	+	Dramatic increase in CORT; increase in leptin2; no changes in NPY2	Decrease food intake and body weight	1Rabasa et al., 2011
		2Chronic (3 h × 21 days)					2Wang et al., 2012
Cold stress	Chronic (14 days–3 months)	C57 BL6/J mice	+	+++	Increase CORT and NPY/AgRP, Y2R	Increased adiposity	Kuo et al., 2007

⁺, Mild;

⁺⁺, Moderate;

⁺⁺⁺, High.