Table 4.
Effect sizes on objective and subjective measures of cognitive function by groups
| Outcomes | Memory training group (n = 8) |
Memory compensation group (n = 7) |
Wait-list control group (n = 4) |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean change | ESstd | 90% CI | p | mean change | ESstd | 90% CI | p | mean change | ESstd | 90% CI | p | |
| Primary | ||||||||||||
| Immediate memory | ||||||||||||
| Visual short stories | 3.13 | 0.18 | −9.4 to 15.6 | 0.65 | 5.71 | 0.32 | −10.1 to 21.6 | 0.51 | 7 | 0.39 | −17.5 to 31.5 | 0.55 |
| Word list – immediate | 0.38 | 0.14 | −1.4 to 2.2 | 0.70 | −0.14 | −0.05 | −0.9 to 0.6 | 0.74 | 0.8 | 0.28 | 0.2 to 1.4 | 0.06 |
| Face-name | 0.563 | 0.07 | −4.9 to 6.0 | 0.85 | 2.43 | 0.29 | −2 to 6.9 | 0.33 | −1.63 | −0.20 | −7.8 to 4.6 | 0.58 |
| Delayed memory | ||||||||||||
| Word list – delayed recall | 0.25 | 0.07 | −1.6 to 2.1 | 0.81 | 2.17 | 0.59 | 0.7 to 3.7 | 0.03* | 0.5 | 0.14 | −1.5 to 2.5 | 0.60 |
| Self-reported memory | ||||||||||||
| MMQ – Ability | 10.9 | 0.86 | 4.0 to 17.8 | 0.02* | 5.8 | 0.46 | −5.1 to 16.7 | 0.34 | 6.8 | 0.53 | −7.0 to 20.6 | 0.33 |
| Secondary | ||||||||||||
| Behavioural memory | ||||||||||||
| Rivermead | 0.25 | 0.05 | −2.8 to 3.3 | 0.88 | −0.57 | −0.12 | −3.8 to 2.6 | 0.74 | −0.8 | −0.16 | −4.4 to 2.8 | 0.64 |
| Attention span | ||||||||||||
| Digit Span Forward | 0.25 | 0.11 | −0.5 to 1.0 | 0.56 | −0.571 | −0.26 | −2.4 to 1.3 | 0.57 | −1 | −0.45 | −3.5 to 1.5 | 0.42 |
| Working memory | ||||||||||||
| Digit Span Backward | 0.625 | 0.32 | −0.3 to 1.6 | 0.25 | 0 | 0.00 | n.a. | 1.00 | 0.25 | 0.13 | −2.6 to 3.1 | 0.85 |
| Phonemic fluency | ||||||||||||
| FAS test | 3.5 | 0.27 | −0.8 to 7.8 | 0.17 | −0.286 | −0.02 | −0.3 to 3.3 | 0.86 | −1.75 | −0.14 | −9.2 to 5.7 | 0.62 |
| Semantic fluency | ||||||||||||
| Animals test | −1.25 | −0.27 | −3.6 to 1.1 | 0.34 | −0.571 | −0.12 | −3.8 to 2.6 | 0.74 | 2.25 | 0.48 | 0.2 to 4.3 | 0.08 |
| Selective attention | ||||||||||||
| Stroop effect | −0.188 | −0.13 | −0.5 to 0.9 | 0.62 | 0.324 | 0.22 | −1.5 to 0.8 | 0.61 | −1.431 | −0.99 | −0.4 to 3.2 | 0.16 |
| Patient reported | ||||||||||||
| MMQ – Contentment | 11.8 | 1.10 | 0.8 to 21.8 | 0.06 | 4.86 | 0.46 | −2.5 to 12.2 | 0.24 | 1.7 | 0.16 | −4.4 to 7.8 | 0.56 |
| MMQ – Strategy Use | 5.2 | 0.76 | −1.2 to 12.4 | 0.16 | 1.71 | 0.23 | −6.0 to 9.4 | 0.68 | −2.3 | −0.31 | −6.3 to 1.7 | 0.27 |
Standardized effect sizes were calculated by dividing the mean changes of scores by the preintervention pooled standard deviations for each intervention group. ESstd = Standardized effect sizes; 90% CI = 90% confidence intervals; n.a. = not applicable; MMQ = Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire; Rivermead = Rivermead Behavioural Memory Test.
*
* = Significant, p < 0.05; bold = borderline significant, p > 0.05.