. 2013 Apr 24;38(7):732–743. doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jst018

Table I.

Definitions, Examples, Descriptive Statistics, and Psychometric Properties of CCS and IFIRS Codes

Code	Definition	Examples	Mean (SD)	Range	% Agreement/ Alpha/ICC
CCS: topic maintenance	Parent continues the topic of the preceding utterance and/or develops the general topic of the conversation.	Child: “I get lots of shots.”	93.2 (4.8)^a	79.2–100.0^a	0.96^c
CCS: topic maintenance		Mother: “You got one today.”	93.2 (4.8)^a	79.2–100.0^a	0.96^c
CCS: reflection	Parent repeats some or all of the child’s utterance with no additional content.	Child: “I like the nurses.”	9.8 (8.2)^a	0.0–35.7^a	0.91^c
CCS: reflection		Mother: “You like them.”	9.8 (8.2)^a	0.0–35.7^a	0.91^c
CCS: reframe	Parent corrects or disagrees with the child, or states an alternate viewpoint.	Child: “None of my friends want to spend time with me anymore.”	5.8 (4.9)^a	0.0–33.3^a	0.67^c
CCS: reframe		Mother: “They can’t visit because you could get sick from them.”	5.8 (4.9)^a	0.0–33.3^a	0.67^c
CCS: expansion	Parent repeats some or all of the child’s utterance but also adds additional content.	Child: “I like the nurses.”	5.5 (3.7)^a	0.0–21.4^a	0.72^c
CCS: expansion		Mother: “You like the people who work here.”	5.5 (3.7)^a	0.0–21.4^a	0.72^c
CCS: disclosure	Parent expresses something about his/her own emotional experience.	Child: “I was scared before the surgery.”	4.0 (4.2)^a	0.0–22.2^a	0.81^c
CCS: disclosure		Mother: “I was scared too.”	4.0 (4.2)^a	0.0–22.2^a	0.81^c
CCS: solicit	Parent asks a question to elicit a response from the child.	Child: “I can’t wait until I’m off treatment.”	23.7 (12.6)^a	0.0–61.9^a	0.94^c
CCS: solicit	Parent asks a question to elicit a response from the child.	Mother: “What are you looking forward to doing?”	23.7 (12.6)^a	0.0–61.9^a	0.94^c
CCS: POI	Parent conveys a fact or opinion to the child.	Child: “What’s it called again?”	28.4 (12.4)^a	6.1–61.9^a	0.88^c
CCS: POI	Parent conveys a fact or opinion to the child.	Mother: “The cancer you have is called leukemia.”	28.4 (12.4)^a	6.1–61.9^a	0.88^c
CCS: imperative	Parent directs the child to do something or stop doing something.	Child: “What’s the next question?”	2.0 (3.3)^a	0.0–26.3^a	0.95^c
CCS: imperative		Mother: “Read it.”	2.0 (3.3)^a	0.0–26.3^a	0.95^c
CCS: validation	Parent confirms, empathizes, or praises the child’s utterance without adding new content.	Child: I don’t like the shots.”	3.3 (3.1)^a	0.0–13.0^a	0.83^c
CCS: validation		Mother: “I know.”	3.3 (3.1)^a	0.0–13.0^a	0.83^c
IFIRS: positive communication	Warm, prosocial, responsive, communicative, and child-centered verbal or non-verbal behavior toward the child.	Nodding or facial expression in response to the child’s statements; hugging the child.	6.5 (1.0)^b	2.8–8.8^b	0.91^d 0.74^e
IFIRS: positive communication		“I’m so proud of you for being brave.”	6.5 (1.0)^b	2.8–8.8^b
IFIRS: negative communication	Negative, hostile, antisocial, intrusive, and neglectful verbal or non-verbal behavior toward the child.	Frowning or scowling at the child; looking away or not responding to the child’s statements.	3.0 (1.1)^b	1.4–6.0^b	0.73^d 0.65^e
IFIRS: negative communication		“You always do it wrong.”	3.0 (1.1)^b	1.4–6.0^b

Note. ICC = intraclass correlation; CCS = Contingency Coding System; IFIRS = Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scale; POI = Provision of Information.

^aPercent of total coded utterances.

^bScore on the IFIRS 1–9 scale.

^cPercent agreement.

^dCronbach alpha.

^eMean ICC.