Table 1.
Specie | Toxin | UniProt KB | AA a | Protease inhibited | Inhibitory activity b–g | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
# Actinia equina | ♦ AEPI-I | - | 59 III | - | - | [26] |
♦ AEPI-II | - | 59 III | - | - | [26] | |
● Equistatin | P81439 | 199 III | Cathepsin L *, | 0.051 (CL), | [25,43] | |
papain, | 0.57 (P), | |||||
cathepsin B | 1.4 (CB) b | |||||
♦ AEAPI | - | 57 III | Trypsin *, plasmin | 700 IU/mg (T) c | [24] | |
# Anemonia sulcata | ■ Elastase inhibitor | P16895 | 48 III | Porcine elastase | 1.0 d | [28,44] |
♦ Kalicludin-1 or AsKC1 | Q9TWG0 | 58 III | Trypsin | <30 d | [27] | |
♦ Kalicludin-2 or AsKC2 | Q9TWF9 | 58 III | Trypsin | <30 d | [27] | |
♦ Kalicludin-3 or AsKC3 | Q9TWF8 | 59 III | Trypsin | <30 d | [27] | |
♦ SA5 II | P10280 | 62 III | Kallikrein, Trypsin | 0.3 (T) d | [29,32] | |
# Anthopleura aff. xanthogrammica | ♦ AXPI-I or AXAPI | P81547 | 58 III | Trypsin *, chymotrypsin, elastase, thermolysin | 1900 IU/mg (T) c | [24,41] |
♦ AXPI-II | P81548 | 58 III | Trypsin *, chymotrypsin | 490 IU/mg (T) c | [41] | |
# Anthopleura elegantissima | ♦ APEKTx1 | P86862 | 65 III | Trypsin | 124 d | [42] |
# Anthopleura fuscoviridis | ♦ AFAPI-I | - | 56 III | Trypsin *, plasmin | 950 IU/mg (T) d | [24] |
♦ AFAPI-III | - | 56 III | Trypsin *, plasmin | 900 IU/mg (T) d | [24] | |
# Heteractis crispa | ♦ Jn-IV | P16344 | 56 III | Trypsin | 9.6 d | [32,33] |
♦ InhVJ | - | 56 III | Trypsin *, | 2.49 (T), | [45,46,47] | |
chymotrypsin | 21.7 (C) d | |||||
♦ APHC1 | B2G331 | 56 III | Trypsin, | 1000 (T), | [34] | |
chymotrypsin | ~5000 (C) d | |||||
# Rhodactis rhodostoma | ♦ Inhibitor 4 | - | 48 II | Trypsin, kallikrein *, chymotrypsin | 0.95 (T), 0.49 (K), 33 (C) d | [31] |
# Stichodactyla haddoni | ♦ SHTX-3 | B1B5I8 | 62 III | Trypsin | 203 IU/mg c | [40] |
# Stoichactis helianthus | ♦ ShPI-1 | P31713 | 55III | Serine *, | 0.11 (T), | [36,37] |
cysteine, | 2.3 (C), | |||||
aspartic proteases | 2.7 (Pl) d | |||||
♦ ShPI-2 | P81129 | 55 III | Serine, cysteine, aspartic proteases | n.f. | [38] | |
+ Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis | ♦ Dendrotoxin E | P00984 | 59 III | Trypsin *, | 1.0 (T), | [48] |
chymotrypsin | 100 (C) d | |||||
+ Daboia siamensis | ♦ BBPTI-1 | - | 60 III | Chymotrypsin | 4.77 b | [49] |
♦ CBPTI-1 | A8Y7N4 | 66 III | Trypsin | 407 b | [50] | |
♦ CBPTI-2 | A8Y7N5 | 60 III | Trypsin | 666 b | [50] | |
♦ CBPTI-3 | A8Y7N6 | 60 III | Chymotrypsin | 2.55 b | [50] | |
+ Hemachatus haemachatus | ♦ HHV inhibitor II | P00985 | 57 III | Trypsin, chymotrypsin, kallikrein, plasmin |
- | [51] |
+ Naja nivea | ♦ NNV inhibitor II | P00986 | 57 III | Trypsin | - | [51] |
+ Vipera ammodytes | ♦ Trypsin inhibitor I | P00991 | 61 III | Trypsin *, chymotrypsin, kallikrein, plasmin |
0.34 (T), 270 (C) b |
[52,53] |
♦ Trypsin inhibitor II | - | 62 III | Trypsin *, chymotrypsin, kallikrein, plasmin |
0.56 (T), 300 (C) b |
[52] | |
♦ Chymotrypsin inhibitor | P00992 | 65 III | Chymotrypsin *, trypsin, plasma kallikrein | 4.3 (C), 5100 (T) b | [52] | |
+ Bungarus fasciatus | ♦ BF9 | P25660 | 65 III | Chymotrypsin | 58 d | [54] |
♦ Bungaruskunin | B2KTG1 | 59 III | Chymotrypsin *, trypsin, elastase |
6100 (C) b | [55] | |
+ Naja naja | ♦ Trypsin inhibitor | P20229 | 57 III | Trypsin | 0.0035 b | [56] |
+ Naja atra | ♦ NACI | Q5ZPJ7 | 57 III | Chymotrypsin | 25 b | [57,58] |
+ Ophiophagus hannah | ♦ Oh11-1 | P82966 | 58 III | Chymotrypsin | 3520 b | [59] |
♦ OH-TCI | B6RLX2 | 58 III | Chymotrypsin *, | 84.6 (C), | [60] | |
trypsin | 391 (T) b | |||||
+ Bungarus multicinctus | ♦ PILP-1 | B4ESA2 | 58 III | Trypsin | 55.62 b | [61] |
+ Oxyuranus scutellatus scutellatus | ♦ TSPI | B7S4N9 | 62 III | Kallikrein *, trypsin, plasmin, elastase, factor Xa, α-factor XIIa | 0.057 (PK), 0.23 (TK), 0.31 (T), 6.1 (Pl), 201 (E), 871 (X), 2380 (XII) b |
[62,63] |
+ Pseudonaja textilis textilis | ♦ Textilinin-1 | Q90WA1 | 59 III | Plasmin *, | 0.49 ± 0.02 (Pl), | [7,63] |
trypsin | 0.76 ± 0.02 (T) b | |||||
♦ Textilinin-2 | Q90WA0 | 59 III | Plasmin | 2.2 b | [7] | |
+ Macrovipera lebetina transmediterranea | ♦ PIVL | I2G9B4 | 67 III | Trypsin | - | [64] |
+ Pseudechis australis | ♦ Pr-mulgin 1 | E7FL11 | 59 III | Metalloprotease 2 | 60 b | [65] |
♦ Pr-mulgin 2 | E7FL12 | 59 III | Trypsin *, | 5 (T), | [65] | |
chymotrypsin, | 40 (C), | |||||
plasmin | 40 (Pl) b | |||||
♦ Pr-mulgin 3 | E7FL13 | 59 III | Trypsin, | 5 (T), | [65] | |
plasmin | 100 (Pl) b | |||||
§ Mesobuthus tamulus | ♦ Fraction IX-1-a | - | - | Trypsin *, | 19.2 IU/mg (T), | [66] |
kallikrein | 87 IU/mg (K) c | |||||
§ Hadrurus gertschi | ♦ rHg1 | P0C8W3 | 67 III | Trypsin | 107 d | [67,68] |
§ Lychas mucronatus | ♦ rLmKTT-1a | P0DJ46 | 59 III | Trypsin | 140 d | [16,68] |
♦ rLmKTT-1b or SdPI | P0DJ45 | 59 III | Trypsin | 160 d | [16,68] | |
♦ rLmKTT-1c | P0DJ48 | 59 III | Trypsin | 124 d | [68] | |
§ Mesobuthus martensii | ♦ rBmKTT-1 | P0DJ49 | 59 III | Trypsin | 136 d | [68] |
♦ rBmKTT-2 | P0DJ50 | 58 IV | Trypsin | 420 d | [68] | |
♦ rBmKTT-3 | P0DJ47 | 70 III | Trypsin | 760 d | [68] | |
§ Scorpiops jendeki | ◊ rSjAPI | - | 64 V | Chymotrypsin *, | 97.1 (C), | [69] |
elastase | 3700 (E) b | |||||
¥ Ornithoctonus huwena | ♦ HWTX-XI | P68425 | 55 III | Trypsin | 0.23 d | [14] |
¥ Araneus ventricosus | ♦ AvKTI | K7YYJ2 | 57 III | Trypsin, | 7.34 (T), | [70] |
chymotrypsin, | 37.75 (C), | |||||
plasmin *, | 4.89 (Pl), | |||||
neutrophil elastase | 169.07 (E) b | |||||
♦ AvCI | L7X735 | 70 IV | Chymotrypsin, | 49.85 (C), | [71] | |
subtilisin A, | 20.51 (SA), | |||||
proteinase K, | 65.42 (ptK), | |||||
neutrophil elastase, | 8.74 (nE), | |||||
pancreatic elastase | 11.32 (pE) b | |||||
¤ Bombina bombina | ◊ BSTI | Q90248 | 60 V | Trypsin, | 80–100 (T), | [72] |
thrombin | 1300 (Th) b | |||||
¤ Bombina maxima | ◊ BMTI | Q8QFP3 | 60 V | Trypsin | 60 b | [73] |
¤ Rana areolata | ◊ Trypsin inhibitor | - | 61 V | Trypsin | ~20,000 e | [74] |
¤ Bombina orientalis | ◊ BOTI | Q800F0 | 60 V | - | - | [75] |
¤ Bombina variegata | ◊ BVTI | Q800E9 | 60 V | - | - | [75] |
¤ Bombina microdeladigitora | ◊ BMSI 1 | B1P2F8 | 60 V | Trypsin, thrombin | 20 (T), 150 (Th) b | [76] |
◊ BMSI 2 | B1P2F9 | 60 V | - | - | [76] | |
¤ Hyla simplex | Hylaserpin S1 | H6SWK9 | 392 | Trypsin, | 55 (T), | [77] |
chymotrypsin | 310 (C) b | |||||
◊ Hylaserpin S2 | H6SWL0 | 56 V | Trypsin | 72 b | [77] | |
¤ Bufo andrewsi | BATI | - | - | Trypsin | 14 b | [78] |
Trypsin | 4.6 × 106 (T), | |||||
Baserpin | - | - | chymotrypsin, | 8.9 × 106 (C), | [79] | |
elastase | 6.8 × 106 (E) f | |||||
¤ Kaloula pulchra hainana | KPHTI | - | - | Trypsin | 27 c | [80] |
¤ Phyllomedusa sauvagii | ■ PSKP-1 | P83578 | 58 III | Prolyl endopeptidase | 124 ± 56 g | [81] |
■ PSKP-2 | P83579 | 58 III | - | - | [81] | |
¤ Phyllomedusa nordestina | PI01 | K9N0E2 | 78 III | - | - | [82] |
PI02 | K9N1K5 | 77 III | - | - | [82] | |
PI03 | K9N2T9 | 53 III | - | - | [82] | |
¤ Agalychnis callidryas | ■ ACKTI | I7J523 | 52 III | Trypsin | 1.9 b | [83] |
¤ Dyscophus guineti | ♦ Kunitz-type PI | J9UVV9 | 57 III | Trypsin | - | [17] |
¤ Kassina senegalensis | ♦ KSCI | F8K9Q3 | 62 III | Chymotrypsin | - | [84] |
¤ Hyla annectans | ♦ Anntoxin | C7AR58 | 60 II | Trypsin | 25 b | [85] |
¤ Odorrana grahami | OGTI | - | 17 II | Trypsin | 400 b | [86] |
¤ Huia versabilis | HV-BBI | B1VC43 | 18 I | Trypsin | 18.8 + 1.8 b | [87] |
ø Vespa bicolor Fabricius | ♦ Bicolin | C0LNR2 | 54 III | Trypsin *, thrombin | 550 (T), 26,000 (Th) b | [88] |
ø Bombus ignitus | ♦ Bi-KTI | G3LH89 | 58 III | Plasmin | 43.53 g, 3.6 b | [6] |
ø Bombus terrestris | ♦ Bt-KTI | D8KY58 | 58 III | Plasmin | 2.01 b | [89] |
* Protease against which the inhibitor showed more potent activity; a Number of amino acid residues and disulfide bridges (superscript) of the mature peptide; b Measured in terms of Ki value (nM); c Measured in terms of inhibitory units (IU)/mg, where 1 IU is the amount of protein that inhibit one unit of enzyme; d Measured in terms of Kd value (nM); e Unique concentration used (nM); f Association rate (kass) measured in M−1·s−1; g Measured in terms of IC50 value (nM); n.f. means inhibitory activity not found by the authors; - Means data not available in the literature.