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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 24.
Published in final edited form as: Child Dev. 2008 Nov-Dec;79(6):1761–1776. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01224.x

Table 1.

Sample Characteristics

Non-exposed (n = 110)
Exposed (n = 227)
t or χ2
M or % SD M or % SD
Maternal/primary caregiver
 Socioeconomic statusa,b 26.5 9.7 25.4 11.7 0.9
  Group 1 (%) 0.0 1.3
  Group 2 (%) 13.6 15.0
  Group 3 (%) 21.8 14.5
  Group 4 (%) 38.2 30.0
  Group 5 (%) 26.4 39.2
 Ageb 33.3 9.4 37.8 9.6 −4.1**
 Parityc 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.6 −3.7**
 Verbal competencec,d 74.1 12.7 73.4 14.0 0.4
 Marital status (% married)b 25.5 15.9 3.8*
 Welfare (% receiving)b 63.6 72.2 2.6
Child
 Primary caregiver (% biological mother) 90.0 83.3 2.7
 Gender (% male) 49.1 62.6 5.5*
b

Primary caregiver.

c

Biological mother.

d

Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (Dunn & Dunn, 1981).

*

p < .05.

**

p < .01.