Table 2. Least squares means and 99% confidence intervals for reported daily frequency of consumption of foods groups on the food frequency questionnaire, for low energy reporters (LERs) (n=220) and non-low energy reporters (Non-LERs) (n=220) by sex: The Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) Study.
| Food groups | Mean (99% confidence intervals) of daily frequency of food groups | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | |||
| LERs (n=100) | Non-LERs (n=102) | LERs (n=120) | Non-LERs (n=118) | |
| Yeast bread | 0.45 (0.36, 0.57) | 0.69 (0.55, 0.86) * | 0.50 (0.41, 0.62) | 0.95 (0.77, 1.17) * |
| Crackers | 0.06 (0.04, 0.09) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.14) * | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07) | 0.09 (0.07, 0.13) * |
| Muffins/biscuits | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.09) * | 0.04 (0.04, 0.06) | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) * |
| Pancakes/waffles/French toast | 0.02 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) * | 0.03 (0.02, 0.03) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) * |
| Cooked cereal | 0.05 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.13) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.08) |
| Ready-to-eat cereal | 0.15 (0.10, 0.23) | 0.18 (0.12, 0.28) | 0.21 (0.14, 0.31) | 0.20 (0.13, 0.29) |
| Rice/other cooked grains/mixtures | 0.08 (0.06, 0.11) | 0.15 (0.11, 0.21) * | 0.11 (0.08, 0.14) | 0.14 (0.11, 0.18) |
| Pasta/pasta mixtures | 0.10 (0.08, 0.13) | 0.18 (0.14, 0.23) * | 0.12 (0.10, 0.14) | 0.18 (0.14, 0.21) * |
| Pizza | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.06) |
| Doughnuts/sweet rolls | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04) | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) * | 0.04 (0.03, 0.05) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) * |
| Cookies/brownies | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.15) * | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.14 (0.10, 0.19) * |
| Cake/pie | 0.04 (0.04, 0.06) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.10) * | 0.06 (0.05, 0.07) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.10) * |
| Chips/popcorn/pretzels a | 0.14 (0.11, 0.19) | 0.20 (0.15, 0.27) | 0.11 (0.08, 0.14) | 0.24 (0.18, 0.31) * |
| Fruit juice | 0.28 (0.20, 0.39) | 0.50 (0.35, 0.70) * | 0.35 (0.26, 0.46) | 0.42 (0.32, 0.56) |
| Fruit | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 1.23 (0.97, 1.54) | 0.77 (0.63, 0.95) | 1.04 (0.85, 1.28) * |
| White Potatoes | 0.12 (0.10, 0.15) | 0.23 (0.18, 0.28) * | 0.19 (0.16, 0.23) | 0.29 (0.24, 0.35) * |
| Green Salad | 0.21 (0.15, 0.29) | 0.23 (0.17, 0.31) | 0.20 (0.16, 0.26) | 0.25 (0.19, 0.32) |
| Other vegetables | 1.33 (1.09, 1.62) | 1.97 (1.62, 2.40) * | 1.01 (0.87, 1.19) | 1.74 (1.48, 2.03) * |
| Milk on cereal | 0.15 (0.10, 0.23) | 0.17 (0.11, 0.27) | 0.21 (0.14, 0.31) | 0.18 (0.12, 0.27) |
| Milk in coffee or tea | 0.27 (0.14, 0.54) | 0.41 (0.20, 0.81) | 0.25 (0.13, 0.47) | 0.22 (0.11, 0.43) |
| Milk as beverage | 0.14 (0.08, 0.23) | 0.21 (0.13, 0.34) | 0.21 (0.14, 0.32) | 0.20 (0.13, 0.31) |
| Cheese | 0.11 (0.08, 0.16) | 0.22 (0.15, 0.31) * | 0.13 (0.10, 0.17) | 0.21 (0.16, 0.28) * |
| Yogurt | 0.07 (0.05, 0.11) | 0.06 (0.04, 0.09) | 0.05 (0.03, 0.08) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.08) |
| Meat/fish/poultry | 0.52 (0.44, 0.61) | 0.88 (0.74, 1.04) * | 0.66 (0.58, 0.75) | 1.16 (1.02, 1.32) * |
| Eggs/excluding mixtures | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.13) * | 0.06 (0.05, 0.08) | 0.10 (0.07, 0.13) * |
| Meat/fish/poultry/egg sandwich/mixtures | 0.13 (0.10, 0.16) | 0.23 (0.18, 0.28) * | 0.15 (0.13, 0.18) | 0.27 (0.23, 0.33) * |
| Beer | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.12) * | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | 0.11 (0.08, 0.16) |
| Wine | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | 0.09 (0.07, 0.12) |
| Liquor | 0.04 (0.03, 0.07) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) |
| Coffee/tea | 1.75 (1.26, 2.42) | 1.37 (1.00, 1.88) | 1.54 (1.17, 2.02) | 1.97 (1.50, 2.59) |
| Soft drinks/regular | 0.14 (0.08, 0.22) | 0.26 (0.17, 0.39) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.23) | 0.44 (0.30, 0.65) * |
| Soft drinks/diet | 0.43 (0.27, 0.69) | 0.38 (0.21, 0.67) * | 0.37 (0.23, 0.60) | 0.39 (0.22, 0.68) |
| Candy | 0.13 (0.09, 0.18) | 0.23 (0.16, 0.32) * | 0.09 (0.07, 0.12) | 0.18 (0.13, 0.24) * |
| Sweets/spreads/syrups | 0.23 (0.16, 0.35) | 0.53 (0.36, 0.78) * | 0.25 (0.17, 0.36) | 0.54 (0.37, 0.78) * |
| Fat-type spreads | 0.40 (0.30, 0.54) | 0.70 (0.52, 0.94) | 0.39 (0.29, 0.51) | 0.64 (0.49, 0.85) * |
| Cream/creamer/liquid | 0.36 (0.13, 1.00) | 0.38 (0.13, 1.11) | 0.29 (0.12, 0.72) | 0.44 (0.18, 1.05) |
| Cream/creamer/not whipped | 0.26 (0.13, 0.53) | 0.19 (0.09, 0.40) | 0.17 (0.08, 0.34) | 0.24 (0.12, 0.48) |
| Dressing/not mayo-type | 0.18 (0.13, 0.25) | 0.18 (0.13, 0.25) | 0.16 (0.12, 0.21) | 0.23 (0.17, 0.30) |
| Mayo-type dressing a | 0.09 (0.06, 0.13) | 0.13 (0.09, 0.18) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.11) | 0.22 (0.16, 0.30) * |
| Soups | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.11) | 0.05 (0.04, 0.06) | 0.08 (0.06, 0.10) * |
| Nuts/seeds | 0.05 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.14 (0.10, 0.19) * | 0.08 (0.06, 0.10) | 0.11 (0.08, 0.15) |
| Frozen dairy dessert | 0.06 (0.04, 0.08) | 0.12 (0.09, 0.16) * | 0.07 (0.06, 0.10) | 0.12 (0.09, 0.16) * |
| Condiments | 0.14 (0.1, 0.18) | 0.20 (0.16, 0.27) * | 0.15 (0.12, 0.19) | 0.33 (0.26, 0.42) * |
*
p<0.01 LER compared to Non-LER. Among consumers of each food group, the total daily frequency of consumption was regressed on log transformed total energy intake (estimated using doubly labeled water) to compute least squares means and 99% confidence intervals for daily frequency of consumption of a food group in LERs and non-LERs.
a
Significant interaction between LER status and sex (p ≤ 0.05).