Table 3.
Adjusted percentages of LERs (n=220) and non-LERs (n=220) who report consuming a food group as a small, medium or large portion size; presented by sex on the food frequency questionnaire. The Observing Protein and Energy Nutrition (OPEN) Study.
| Women | Men | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LERs (n=100) | Non-LERs (n=102) | LERs (n=120) | Non-LERs (n=118) | |||||||||
| Food groups a | Small (%) | Medium (%) | Large (%) | Small (%) | Medium (%) | Large (%) | Small (%) | Medium (%) | Large (%) | Small (%) | Medium (%) | Large (%) |
| Yeast Bread | 14.3 | 84.7 | 1.0 | 13.1 | 85.8 | 1.1 | 4.6 | 92.4 | 3.0 | 1.6 | 90.0 | 8.4 |
| Crackers | 19.7 | 77.0 | 3.3 | 10.5 | 82.8 | 6.7 | 14.6 | 75.2 | 10.2 | 13.2 | 75.5 | 11.3 |
| Muffins/Biscuits | 9.3 | 88.5 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 90.1 | 6.8 | 7.8 | 83.5 | 8.7 | 6.7 | 83.2 | 10.1 |
| Pancakes/waffles/French toast b | 93.6 | 6.4 | 82.7 | 17.3 | 81.4 | 18.6 | 67.3 | 32.7 | ||||
| Cooked cereal b, c | 30.4 | 69.6 | 19.7 | 80.3 | 10.4 | 89.6 | 18.9 | 81.1 | ||||
| Ready-to-eat cereal | 28.9 | 70.5 | 0.6 | 17.6 | 81.2 | 1.2 | 16.4 | 81.6 | 2.0 | 9.6 | 86.8 | 3.6 |
| Rice, other cooked grains/mixtures | 13.7 | 81.2 | 5.1 | 6.4 | 82.6 | 11.0 | 8.2 | 85.7 | 6.1 | 3.8 | 83.5 | 12.7 |
| Pasta/pasta mixture | 16.1 | 80.6 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 82.5 | 13.5 * | 7.1 | 83.3 | 9.6 | 1.9 | 68.8 | 29.3 * |
| Pizza | 6.4 | 84.8 | 8.8 | 3.0 | 79.3 | 17.7 | 1.4 | 65.3 | 33.3 | 1.0 | 57.3 | 41.7 |
| Doughnuts/sweetrolls | 18.0 | 80.9 | 1.1 | 6.8 | 90.0 | 3.2 | 8.4 | 89.0 | 2.6 | 4.0 | 90.6 | 5.4 |
| Cookies/brownies | 19.7 | 70.2 | 10.1 | 12.1 | 71.3 | 16.6 | 12.9 | 66.5 | 20.6 | 7.6 | 60.6 | 31.8 |
| Cake/pie | 26.1 | 69.2 | 4.7 | 17.0 | 75.1 | 7.9 | 13.0 | 76.0 | 11.0 | 7.0 | 73.3 | 19.7 |
| Chips/popcorn/pretzels | 28.6 | 69.4 | 2.0 | 14.0 | 81.2 | 4.8 | 21.9 | 73.6 | 4.5 | 12.8 | 78.9 | 8.3 |
| Fruits juice | 30.8 | 63.7 | 5.5 | 21.9 | 69.6 | 8.5 | 23.4 | 66.2 | 10.4 | 18.9 | 67.9 | 13.2 |
| Fruit | 4.2 | 91.6 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 91.6 | 3.7 | 3.2 | 92.6 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 92.5 | 4.4 |
| White Potatoes | 20.5 | 77.1 | 2.4 | 4.9 | 84.1 | 11.0 * | 4.8 | 82.5 | 12.7 | 2.4 | 74.9 | 22.7 |
| Green Salad | 2.3 | 65.9 | 31.8 | 1.7 | 59.8 | 38.5 | 3.2 | 73.9 | 22.9 | 2.5 | 70.0 | 27.5 |
| Other vegetables | 3.6 | 89.8 | 6.6 | 1.4 | 82.5 | 16.1 | 7.1 | 87.8 | 5.1 | 2.9 | 85.1 | 12.0 |
| Milk on cereal b | 20.2 | 79.8 | 24.7 | 75.3 | 26.0 | 74.0 | 20.3 | 79.7 | ||||
| Milk in coffee or tea | 22.5 | 70.0 | 7.5 | 15.5 | 73.0 | 11.5 | 22.7 | 68.1 | 9.2 | 11.3 | 69.8 | 18.9 |
| Milk as beverage c | 39.4 | 58.1 | 2.5 | 20.5 | 73.5 | 6.0 | 25.4 | 65.3 | 9.3 | 24.2 | 65.9 | 9.9 |
| Cheese c | 16.5 | 70.3 | 13.2 | 6.1 | 62.5 | 31.4 * | 8.1 | 60.0 | 31.9 | 7.5 | 58.7 | 33.8 |
| Yogurt | 13.1 | 86.9 | 0 | 12.4 | 87.6 | 0 | 11.2 | 87.0 | 1.8 | 6.6 | 90.2 | 3.2 |
| Meat/fish/poultry | 9.1 | 90.0 | 0.9 | 2.0 | 93.9 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 84.6 | 13.6 | 1.1 | 78.5 | 20.4 |
| Eggs/excluding mixtures | 51.4 | 47.6 | 1.0 | 31.7 | 66.1 | 2.2 | 20.5 | 71.9 | 7.6 | 17.7 | 73.3 | 9.0 |
| Meat/fish/poultry/egg sandwich/mixtures | 11.3 | 87.5 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 91.4 | 6.3 * | 6.9 | 87.4 | 5.7 | 1.7 | 78.3 | 20.0 * |
| Beer | 54.1 | 45.3 | 0.6 | 32.1 | 66.3 | 1.6 | 17.8 | 75.2 | 7.0 | 16.2 | 76.0 | 7.8 |
| Wine | 50.0 | 47.6 | 2.4 | 28.2 | 65.9 | 5.9 | 33.8 | 62.3 | 3.9 | 26.5 | 68.1 | 5.4 |
| Liquor | 61.5 | 37.3 | 1.2 | 41.4 | 55.9 | 2.7 | 32.1 | 63.4 | 4.5 | 29.6 | 65.3 | 5.1 |
| Soft drinks, regular | 37.2 | 61.5 | 1.3 | 38.2 | 60.5 | 1.3 | 27.6 | 69.9 | 2.5 | 14.4 | 80.1 | 5.5 |
| Soft drinks, diet | 34.3 | 62.1 | 3.6 | 25.4 | 69.2 | 5.4 | 18.4 | 77.1 | 4.5 | 16.6 | 78.3 | 5.1 |
| Candy | 27.7 | 67.1 | 5.2 | 22.7 | 70.7 | 6.6 | 19.5 | 72.5 | 8.0 | 13.2 | 74.6 | 12.2 |
| Sweets, spread/syrups b | 13.9 | 86.1 | 13.4 | 86.6 | 7.1 | 92.9 | 5.0 | 95.0 | ||||
| Fat-type spreads | 24.5 | 73.6 | 1.9 | 22.9 | 75.0 | 2.1 | 30.3 | 68.7 | 1.0 | 15.7 | 82.0 | 2.3 * |
| Cream/creamer, not whipped | 31.7 | 63.5 | 4.8 | 30.4 | 64.5 | 5.1 | 27.4 | 66.1 | 6.5 | 21.3 | 69.8 | 8.9 |
| Cream/creamer, liquid b | 28.1 | 71.9 | 8.4 | 91.6 | 42.1 | 57.9 | 34.6 | 65.4 | ||||
| Dressing, not mayo-type | 39.7 | 56.9 | 3.4 | 33.6 | 62.1 | 4.3 | 30.9 | 63.0 | 6.1 | 26.8 | 65.8 | 7.4 |
| Mayo-type dressing | 2.9 | 95.4 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 95.1 | 3.5 | 6.9 | 92.8 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 95.9 | 3.5 |
| Soups | 11.6 | 86.0 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 88.1 | 8.6 * | 2.2 | 86.4 | 11.4 | 1.2 | 79.1 | 19.7 |
| Nuts/seeds | 23.2 | 68.5 | 8.3 | 11.2 | 71.0 | 17.8 * | 19.6 | 67.8 | 12.6 | 9.5 | 65.4 | 25.1 * |
| Frozen dairy dessert | 5.8 | 85.2 | 9.0 | 4.3 | 83.7 | 12.0 | 5.9 | 79.2 | 14.9 | 2.5 | 67.1 | 30.4 * |
| Condiments | 16.3 | 82.1 | 1.6 | 8.0 | 88.6 | 3.4 | 11.4 | 84.1 | 4.5 | 5.7 | 85.3 | 9.0 |
p <0.01, LER compared to Non-LER by ordinal logistic regression adjusted for total energy intake (estimated by doubly labeled water).
Data is not presented for the food group of coffee/tea. The food frequency questionnaire did not ask about consumption of different portions sizes for these beverages.
Food groups that did not meet the proportional odds assumption (p<0.05). In these cases, logistic regression was used to estimate the probability of reporting a larger serving size among LERs compared to non-LERs by sex, and adjusted for total energy intake (estimated by doubly labeled water). Either the small and medium or the medium and large categories were collapsed, as shown.
Significant interaction between LER status and sex.