Table 4.

Annual direct medical, indirect and total costs – results of the Gamma regression models – adjusted for age, sex, school education, alcohol consumption and physical activity

Parameter		Total direct medical costs	Total indirect costs	Total costs
		exp(estimate)	exp(estimate)	exp(estimate)
		[95% CI]	[95% CI]	[95% CI]
Smoking status	Current smoker	1.06 [0.88–1.27]	1.28 [0.95–1.73]	1.24 ** [1.03 – 1.49]
	Occasional smoker	0.73 [0.50–1.06]	1.26 [0.68–2.36]	0.96 [0.65 – 1.41]
	Former smoker	1.26 *** [1.10–1.45]	1.31 ** [1.03–1.68]	1.35 *** [1.18 – 1.55]
	Never smoker	1.00	1.00	1.00

*** significant at the 1% level/** significant at the 5% level.

n=3,068 due to missing information on school education in three subjects.

1€ was assigned to observations with costs=0.