Table 4. Changing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity and PARP-1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from never-smoking control individuals through current smokers or ex-smokers with normal lung function and patients with stabile chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stages I-IV to patients with a COPD exacerbation, evaluated with ordinal logistic regression analysis.

	Crude		Adjusted*
Parameter	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
PARP activity	1.049 (1.043–1.056)	<0.001	1.014 (1.006–1.023)	<0.001
PARP-1 mRNA expression	4.510 (0.448–45.365)	0.20	4.735 (0.378–59.298)	0.23

^*Adjusted for age, gender, body mass index, smoking history (pack-years), status of a current smoker and forced expiratory volume in one second % predicted.