Table 3. Differences in TMAdV-associated disease between marmosets, titi monkeys, and humans.

	Marmoset (n = 3)*	Titi Monkey (n = 37)**	Human (n = 2)***
mode of infection	experimental, with passaged TMAdV harboring a 3202C→G mutation	natural, with wild-type TMAdV	natural, with wild type TMAdV (probable zoonotic transmission)
clinical signs or symptoms	low grade-fever, reduced activity,decreased stool, anorexia, sneezing (n = 1)	fever, cough, lethargy, respiratorydistress (23 cases)	fever, cough, pleurisy
disease	brief respiratory illness with spontaneous recovery	severe pneumonia and hepatitis	prolonged (4 weeks) upper respiratory illness
subclinical/mild infection possible?	yes (100%, or 3 of 3)	yes (14 cases)	unknown
case fatality rate	0% (0 of 3)	83% (19 of 23 cases with pneumonia/hepatitis)	0% (0 of 2)
viremia present	no (0 of 3)	yes, rarely (2 of 6 fatal cases; 0 of 4survivors among cases examined)	unknown
necropsy findings	mild bronchitis and atypical nodular hyperplasia of the liver (1 of 3),mild enteritis and/or colitis (3 of 3)	diffuse, consolidated pneumonia with hemorrhage; hepatic necrosis and hemorrhage; destruction of normal lung, tracheal, and liver architecture (in fatal cases)	n/a
intranuclear inclusionbodies observed?	no (0 of 3)	yes (in fatal cases)	n/a
Immunofluorescent staining of lungand liver positive for TMAdV?	no (0 of 3)	yes (in fatal cases)	n/a
electron microscopy of lung positivefor adenoviral particles?	not done	yes (lung alveoli)	n/a
magnitude of antibody responseto TMAdV infection	1∶16–1∶32	up to >1∶512	1∶16 (researcher) and 1∶8 (household member)

^*3 marmosets experimentally infected with TMAdV in the current study.

^**23 cases of largely fatal pneumonia/hepatitis and 14 cases of subclinical TMAdV infection in titi monkeys at the California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC) [6].

^***TMAdV-infected human researcher and household member at the CNPRC [6].