Table 3.

Socio-economic factors affecting adherence.

Factors having
Negative effect on adherence	Positive effect on adherence	Neutral effect on adherence
FAMILY SUPPORT
Lack of family support (Nosé et al., 2003; Munro et al., 2007; Costello et al., 2008) Irregular supervision by a family member (Munro et al., 2007P) Child selfresponsibility for taking medication (Kahana et al., 2008)	Family financial support (Munro et al., 2007; Lanouette et al., 2009) Family support in executing medication (Oehl et al., 2000; Munro et al., 2007; Lanouette et al., 2009)	Family emotional support (Weiner et al., 2008; Lanouette et al., 2009) Family involvement during hospitalization or follow-up (Lacro et al., 2002)
FAMILY/CAREGIVERS FACTORS
Disorganized biologic families (Kahana et al., 2008; Karamanidou et al., 2008; Vreeman et al., 2008) Family in conflict (Oehl et al., 2000; DiMatteo, 2004a; Vreeman et al., 2008; Weiner et al., 2008) Responsibilities in the home (such as providing income and caring for children) (Munro et al., 2007) Low parental educational level (Vreeman et al., 2008) Family beliefs about the nature of the patient's illness (Julius et al., 2009) More people in household (in children) (DiMatteo, 2004a) Having several adults involved in pill supervision (Vreeman et al., 2008)	Two-parent families (Charach and Gajaria, 2008P) Family cohesiveness (DiMatteo, 2004a) Having an adult other than the biologic parent as primary caregiver (Reisner et al., 2009) Higher caregiver education level (Reisner et al., 2009) Responsibilities in the family (Munro et al., 2007) Parental belief that ADHD is a biological condition (Charach and Gajaria, 2008P) Mother's perception of the severity of disease (Hodari et al., 2006)	Knowledge of family members regarding disease (Lacro et al., 2002) Family member with mental illness (Lanouette et al., 2009) Number of people in the household (Vermeire et al., 2001) Parental marital status (Charach and Gajaria, 2008P)
SOCIAL SUPPORT
Lack of social support (Oehl et al., 2000; Fogarty et al., 2002; DiMatteo, 2004a; Mills et al., 2006; Costello et al., 2008; Hirsch-Moverman et al., 2008; Karamanidou et al., 2008; Malta et al., 2008; Weiner et al., 2008; Julius et al., 2009; Schmid et al., 2009) Less acculturation (Lanouette et al., 2009) Low social functioning (Nosé et al., 2003) Low social rank of an illness (Oehl et al., 2000) Negative publicity regarding HAART or the medical establishment (Mills et al., 2006)	Emotional support (DiMatteo, 2004a) Good social adjustment (Pampallona et al., 2002; Nosé et al., 2003) Including significant others into therapeutic alliance (Oehl et al., 2000) Supervision of medication administration by others (Weiner et al., 2008; Julius et al., 2009) Patients' support to patients (Munro et al., 2007; Costello et al., 2008)	Social support (Reisner et al., 2009)
SOCIAL STIGMA OF A DISEASE
Stigma of a disease at school, at workplace, among the family and friends (Munro et al., 2007; Vreeman et al., 2008; Reisner et al., 2009) Negative attitude in the patient's social surroundings toward psychiatric treatment (Oehl et al., 2000) Fear of disclosure and wanting to avoid taking medications in public places (Mills et al., 2006) Disclosure of the child's HIV status (Vreeman et al., 2008) Hiding the disease (TB) for fear that employers may discover it (Munro et al., 2007)	Openly disclosing HIV status to family and friends (Mills et al., 2006)
COSTS OF DRUGS AND/OR TREATMENT
Cost of drugs (co-payment) (Vermeire et al., 2001; Gold et al., 2006P; Hodari et al., 2006; Lewiecki, 2007; Vreeman et al., 2008; Schmid et al., 2009) Costs of drugs and treatment (Munro et al., 2007P; Costello et al., 2008P)
PRESCRIPTION COVERAGE
Lack of, or inadequate medical/prescription coverage (Charach and Gajaria, 2008P; Costello et al., 2008P; Lanouette et al., 2009; Schmid et al., 2009) Fear of asking for money from employer to purchase drugs (in TB) (Munro et al., 2007)	Having health insurance (Lanouette et al., 2009)
SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Low income (Jindal et al., 2003; DiMatteo, 2004b; Munro et al., 2007; Schmid et al., 2009) Poverty (Munro et al., 2007P; Costello et al., 2008P; Vreeman et al., 2008) Lower socioeconomic status (DiMatteo, 2004b; Charach and Gajaria, 2008P; Lanouette et al., 2009) Financial constraints (Oehl et al., 2000; Mills et al., 2006) Wanting to remain sick to qualify for financial support (Munro et al., 2007)		Socioeconomic status (Vermeire et al., 2001; Munro et al., 2007; Charach and Gajaria, 2008P; Karamanidou et al., 2008; Weiner et al., 2008; Ruddy et al., 2009) Financial support from outside the family (Lanouette et al., 2009)
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Unemployment (Nosé et al., 2003; Hodari et al., 2006) White-collar employment (Jindal et al., 2003)		Employment status (Karamanidou et al., 2008)

Abbreviations

TB

tuberculosis;

^P, determinant of persistence.