Table 5.

Condition-related factors affecting adherence.

Factors having
Negative effect on adherence	Positive effect on adherence	Neutral effect on adherence
PRESENCE OF SYMPTOMS
Asymptomatic nature of the disease or absence of symptoms (Vermeire et al., 2001; Olthoff et al., 2005; Gold et al., 2006P; Costello et al., 2008)	Increased severity and number of symptom (Nosé et al., 2003; Munro et al., 2007; Charach and Gajaria, 2008P; Brandes et al., 2009; Lanouette et al., 2009) Disability (Vermeire et al., 2001; Costello et al., 2008)	Pain duration (Broekmans et al., 2009) Pain intensity (Broekmans et al., 2009) Presence of tremor (Jindal et al., 2003)
DISEASE SEVERITY
Lower affective pain ratings (Broekmans et al., 2009) Detectable viral load (in HIV-infected youth) (Reisner et al., 2009)	Disease severity (Van Der Wal et al., 2005; DiMatteo et al., 2007; Reisner et al., 2009; Ruddy et al., 2009) Perceptions of disease severity (DiMatteo et al., 2007) More hospitalization (before starting ART in children) (Vreeman et al., 2008)	Disease severity (Cramer, 2004; DiMatteo, 2004b; Chia et al., 2006; DiMatteo et al., 2007; Weiner et al., 2008; Julius et al., 2009; Lanouette et al., 2009) Worse clinical status (Fogarty et al., 2002) Possible consequences of missed doses (Cramer, 2004)
CLINICAL IMPROVEMENT
Clinical improvement, disappearance of symptoms, feeling better/cured (Oehl et al., 2000P; Mills et al., 2006; Munro et al., 2007P; Ruddy et al., 2009) Onset of clinical symptoms (in latent TB infection) (Hirsch-Moverman et al., 2008)	Perception of a clinical improvement (Oehl et al., 2000) Reduced viral load (in HIV-infected youth) (Reisner et al., 2009)
PSYCHIATRIC CONDITION
Psychiatric disorders (Vermeire et al., 2001; Nosé et al., 2003) Negative symptoms/motivational deficits (Oehl et al., 2000)	Lower rates of narcissistic-histrionic personality disorder (in depression) (Pampallona et al., 2002)	Severity of psychotic symptoms (Lacro et al., 2002)
CERTAIN DIAGNOSES/INDICATIONS
Certain diagnoses (pulmonary conditions, DM, and sleep disorders vs. other) (DiMatteo, 2004b) Indication (pain medication vs. other medications) (Broekmans et al., 2009)	Certain diagnoses: rheumatoid arthritis vs. other types of arthritis (Broekmans et al., 2009), combined subtype in ADHD, vs. inattentive or hyperactive subtype (Charach and Gajaria, 2008P), disease group (HIV, arthritis, GI diseases, and cancer vs. other) (DiMatteo, 2004b), disease group (diagnosis other than personality disorder and substance abuse, in depression) (Pampallona et al., 2002) Estrogen receptor positive (in breast cancer) (Ruddy et al., 2009)	Cause of ESRD (Karamanidou et al., 2008) Latent or active TB (Munro et al., 2007) Disease factors (Vermeire et al., 2001)
DURATION OF THE DISEASE
Chronic nature of the disease (Hodari et al., 2006) Longer time since clinic visit (Olthoff et al., 2005) Longer time since transplant (Jacobsen et al., 2009) Later disease stage (in HIV-infected youth) (Reisner et al., 2009) Shorter duration of illness (in schizophrenia) (Lacro et al., 2002)	Longer duration of pain (Chia et al., 2006)	Duration of the disease (Lanouette et al., 2009) Length of time of hemodialysis (Karamanidou et al., 2008; Schmid et al., 2009)

Abbreviations

ART

antiretroviral therapy;

ESRD

end stage renal disease;

TB

tuberculosis;

^P, determinant of persistence.