Table 4. Factors Associated with Pyelonephritis: Multivariable Models^*.

Factor	Model 1 (All Participants)† Odds Ratio (95% CI)	Model 2 (Participants Age 18-30 y)‡ Odds Ratio (95% CI)	Model 3 (Participants Age > 30 y)§ Odds Ratio (95% CI)	Model 4 (Participants with No UTI History)‖ Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Sexual intercourse in the previous 30 d
None	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
<3 times/wk	2.9 (1.5–5.5)	3.6 (1.4–9.2)	3.2 (1.2–8.6)	2.5 (0.9–6.9)
≥3 times/wk	5.6 (2.8-11.0)¶	6.0 (2.3–15.7)**	6.4 (2.2-18.4)¶	10.9 (3.9-30.4)¶
New sexual partner in the previous 12 mo
No	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
Yes	2.2 (1.4–3.6)**	1.7 (0.9–3.2)	3.5 (1.6–7.5)**	2.2 (1.0–4.8)
Spermicide exposure in the previous 12 mo
No	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
Yes	1.7 (1.1-2.8)††	1.8 (0.9–3.3)	1.5 (0.7–3.2)	1.8 (0.9–4.0)
UTI in the previous 12 mo
No	Referent	Referent	Referent	Not in model
Yes	4.4 (2.8-7.1)¶	2.4 (1.2–4.7)††	7.7 (3.9-15.5)¶
Mother with UTI history
No	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
Yes	1.6 (1.1-2.5)††	2.0 (1.1-3.9)††	1.7 (1.0–2.9)	3.2 (1.5–6.8)**
Diabetes
No	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
Yes	4.1 (1.6–10.9)**	2.3 (0.4–15.4)	5.2 (1.6–17.5)**	1.4 (0.04–4.0)
Difficulty holding urine in the previous 30 d
No	Referent	Referent	Referent	Referent
Yes	3.9 (2.6-5.9)¶	7.2 (3.4-15.0)¶	3.0 (1.8-5.1)¶	3.7 (1.7-8.1)¶

^*Models are based on women with complete data for all variables. Model 1 is missing 13%; model 2 is missing 13.5%; model 3 is missing 11.8%; and model 4 is missing 12.1%. UTI = urinary tract infection.

^†Model 1: 205 case-patients and 484 controls; adjusted for age (18–30 y and 31–49 y).

^‡Model 2: 92 case-patients and 208 controls.

^§Model 3: 113 case-patients and 276 controls. Model 4: 60 case-patients and 245 controls; adjusted for age (18–30 y and 31–49 y).

^‖Model 4: 60 case-patients and 245 controls; adjusted for age (18–30 y and 31–49 y).

^¶P < 0.001.

^**P < 0.01.

^††P < 0.05.