TABLE 2.
Other drugs mentioned in combination with methadone or buprenorphine in public datasets*
| METHADONE
| |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RADARS PCC-2008 | TEXAS PCC-2008 | DAWN ED-2007 | NCHS DEATHS-2005 | RADARS DEATHS (2003–2008) |
TEXAS DEATHS-2007 |
| methadone only (49%) alcohol (3%)† |
methadone only (55%) other benzodiazepines (12%) |
methadone only (38%) alcohol (3%) |
methadone only (31%) benzodiazepines (4%) |
methadone only (33%) alcohol (7%)† |
methadone only (31%) alprazolam (19%) |
| amitriptyline | alprazolam (7%) | alprazolam (2%) | benzodiazepines + other drugs (4%) |
amitriptyline (8%)† | carisoprodol (6%) |
| amphetamine | carisoprodol (2%) | carisoprodol | cocaine (13%) | atypical antipsychotics (9%)† |
cocaine (14%) |
| anticonvulsants (2%)† | clonazepam (3%) | clonazepam | other opiates (3%) | benzodiazepines (52%)† | hydrocodone (15%) |
| antihistamines | cocaine | cocaine (2%) | cocaine (7%)† | other benzodiazepines (17%) |
|
| atypical antipsychotics (2%) |
diazepam (1%) | duloxetine | hydrocodone (7%)† | quetiapine (2%) | |
| beta blockers | heroin | fluoxetine | other anticonvulsant (7%)† |
||
| carisoprodol (2%)† | hydrocodone (5%) | heroin (3%) | other narcotic (8%)† |
||
| cocaine (2%)† | marijuana | hydrocodone | SSRIs (8%)† | ||
| cyclobenzaprine | MDMA | marijuana | |||
| heroin | morphine (2%) | MDMA (ecstasy) | |||
| hydrocodone (3%)† | olanzapine | methamphetamine | |||
| marijuana | oxycodone | morphine | |||
| morphine | PCP | narcotic analgesics | |||
| other muscle relaxants |
pregabalin (2%) | olanzapine | |||
| other antidepressants (1%)† |
promethazine | oxycodone (2%) | |||
| other narcotics (3%)† |
quetiapine (2%) | quetiapine | |||
| other sedative/ hypnotics |
trazodone | unspecified benzodiazepines |
|||
| oxycodone (3%)†
SSRIs (1%)† trazodone |
zolpidem | zolpidem | |||
| BUPRENORPHINE
| |||
|---|---|---|---|
| RADARS® PCC-2008 | TEXAS PCC-2008 | DAWN ED-2007 Buprenorphine + Naloxone |
DAWN ED-2007 Buprenorphine Only |
| buprenorphine only (59%) |
buprenorphine only (68%) |
buprenorphine + naloxone only (40%) |
alcohol |
| alcohol (2%)† | other benzodiazepines (24%) |
alcohol | alprazolam |
| acetaminophen | alprazolam (3%) | alprazolam | citalopram |
| amphetamines | carisoprodol (3%) | buproprion | clonidine |
| antianxiolytics/ antipsychotics |
diazepam (3%) | carisoprodol | cocaine |
| anticonvulsants (2%)† | escitalopram | clonazepam | dextromethorphan + guaifenesin |
| antidepressants (1%)† | hydrocodone | clonidine | heroin |
| antihistamine | methadone | cocaine | hydrocodone |
| atypical antipsychotics (2%)† |
quetiapine (1%) | cyclobenzaprine | marijuana |
| benzodiazepines (7%)† | trazadone (3%) | fentanyl | methadone |
| carisoprodol | heroin (6%) | morphine | |
| clonidine | hydrocodone | olazapine | |
| cocaine (1%)† | hydromorphone | other benzodiazepines | |
| heroin | lithium | other narcotics | |
| hydrocodone (2%)† | lorazepam | oxycodone | |
| marijuana | marijuana | quetiapine | |
| methadone (3%)† | methadone | tramadol | |
| methylphenidate | modafinil | ziprasidone | |
| other muscle r elaxants |
other benzodiazepines | ||
| other/unknown narcotics (63%)† |
oxycodone | ||
| other prescription or otc |
paroxetine | ||
| oxycodone (1%)† | quetiapine | ||
| SSRIs (1%)† | risperidone | ||
| tramadol | sertaline | ||
| trazodone | trazadone zolpidem |
||
*
Includes drug with or without acetaminophen. Drugs are listed using the terminology from each dataset. Those without percentage normally compose less than 1% of the drugs examined except for DAWN, where suppression rules prevented reporting actual percentages.
†
More than two substances may be involved; percentages may not equal 100%.