Table 1.
Baseline and follow-up equivalence on school demographics
| Year 2001 |
Year 2004 |
Year 2007 |
Year 2010 |
|||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control Schools | Positive Action Schools |
df=12 | Control Schools | Positive Action Schools |
df=12 | Control Schools | Positive Action Schools |
df=12 | Control Schools | Positive Action Schools |
df=12 | |||||||||
| n=7 | n=7 | n=7 | n=7 | n=7 | n=7 | n=7 | n=7 | |||||||||||||
| % | M | SD | M | SD | t | M | SD | M | SD | t | M | SD | M | SD | t | M | SD | M | SD | t |
| Male Students | 52.70 | 1.98 | 52.00 | 0.98 | 0.84 | 52.64 | 2.89 | 52.47 | 2.11 | 0.13 | 52.03 | 2.35 | 50.90 | 2.17 | 0.93 | 52.09 | 2.42 | 52.10 | 2.22 | 0.00 |
| White Students |
10.51 | 16.75 | 9.58 | 13.07 | 0.12 | 9.38 | 14.80 | 9.07 | 12.68 | 0.04 | 7.93 | 13.18 | 7.00 | 10.62 | 0.15 | 8.57 | 13.81 | 7.49 | 11.53 | 0.16 |
| African- American Students |
55.21 | 43.91 | 52.07 | 48.01 | 0.13 | 56.49 | 43.35 | 53.64 | 47.35 | 0.12 | 56.73 | 42.67 | 55.31 | 47.10 | 0.06 | 56.20 | 41.64 | 55.57 | 47.79 | 0.03 |
| Hispanic Students |
27.27 | 32.10 | 32.23 | 34.23 | −0.28 | 31 | 35.16 | 32.79 | 36.28 | −0.09 | 31.04 | 33.76 | 31.33 | 35.71 | −0.02 | 31.8 | 34.07 | 32.63 | 38.94 | −0.40 |
| Asian American Students |
4.03 | 6.17 | 4.69 | 7.05 | −0.19 | 2.91 | 4.30 | 4.21 | 6.57 | −0.44 | 2.74 | 4.45 | 3.91 | 7.00 | −0.37 | 3.36 | 5.94 | 4.17 | 7.61 | −0.22 |
| “Other” Students |
3.91 | 4.60 | 4.64 | 4.92 | −0.29 | 4.46 | 5.03 | 4.72 | 5.21 | −0.10 | 4.63 | 5.05 | 4.45 | 5.19 | .063 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.05 | −0.40 |
| Students with LEP |
14.27 | 16.13 | 17.50 | 16.94 | −0.37 | 11.41 | 14.10 | 17.04 | 17.20 | −0.67 | 12.50 | 13.82 | 14.61 | 16.32 | −0.26 | 10.87 | 11.92 | 12.87 | 14.78 | −0.28 |
| Students with an IEP |
13.00 | 6.37 | 8.70 | 2.31 | 1.67 | 12.84 | 5.33 | 9.46 | 2.36 | 1.53 | 14.08 | 6.46 | 9.86 | 3.23 | 1.55 | 14.76 | 6.01 | 12.06 | 3.73 | 1.01 |
| Students Receiving a Free Lunch |
83.59 | 3.39 | 83.09 | 6.85 | 0.17 | 81.46 | 3.81 | 85.51 | 4.56 | −1.81 | 85.86 | 7.86 | 84.97 | 7.36 | 0.22 | 94.60 | 3.92 | 92.70 | 6.30 | 0.68 |
| School Attendance Rate |
93.01 | 1.17 | 93.38 | 1.28 | −0.57 | 93.54 | 1.09 | 93.74 | 1.79 | −0.25 | 92.87 | 2.09 | 93.71 | 1.78 | −0.84 | 93.27 | 1.87 | 95.03 | 1.52 | −2.01 |
Note: 2001 data were used for the matching before randomization, 2004 was the first year of the trial, 2007 was when cohort students ended Grade 5, and 2010 was the last year of the study. Other= percentages for those with race classified as: Native American, multirace, Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, other Hispanic, and multi-Hispanic. At 2010, only information for % Native Americans was available. None of the above t-test were significant at the p<0.05 level.
LEP= Limited English Proficiency, IEP= Individualized Education Plan. For School Attendance Rate, df=13. Adapted from Lewis KM, Bavarian N, Snyder FJ, Acock A, Day J, DuBois DL, et al. Direct and mediated effects of a socialemotional and character development program on adolescent substance use. Int J of Emotional Educ. 2012;4:56-78; reprinted with permission