. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2013 Jul 25.

Published in final edited form as: Br J Nutr. 2013 Jan 9;110(2):330–336. doi: 10.1017/S0007114512005077

Table 2.

Associations between choline and its related metabolites and neurodevelopmental endpoints in 5 year-old Seychellois children (β Coefficients and their standard errors from adjusted^* multiple linear regression analyses)^†

	Free choline		Betaine		Dimethylglycine		Met		Homocysteine

	β	se	β	se	β	se	β	se	β	se
Finger Tapping
Total	0·310	0·330	−0·056	0·063	0·042	0·260	−0·010	0·090	0·094	0·470
R²	0·06		0·06		0·06		0·06		0·06
P	0·14		0·14		0·18		0·18		0·18
Dominant	0·180	0·190	−0·080	0·036	0·029	0·150	−0·0019	0·051	−0·021	0·270
R²	0·09		0·09		0·09		0·09		0·09
P	0·02		0·02		0·02		0·02		0·02
Non-dominant	0·130	0·170	−0·048	0·032	0·014	0·130	−0·009	0·040	0·096	0·240
R²	0·03		0·03		0·02		0·02		0·02
P	0·80		0·63		0·85		0·85		0·84
PLS
Total language	0·007	0·170	0·066^‡	0·032	0·017	0·130	−0·007	0·045	−0·360	0·240
R²	0·18		0·19		0·18		0·18		0·19
P	<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001
Auditory comprehension	0·030	0·080	0·029	0·016	−0·035	0·067	−0·010	0·023	−0·130	0·120
R²	0·21		0·22		0·21		0·21		0·21
P	<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001
Verbal knowledge	−0·030	0·10	0·038	0·020	0·082	0·083	0·0029	0·028	−0·230	0·150
R²	0·12		0·14		0·13		0·12		0·13
P	0·001		<0·001		0·001		0·001		<0·001
WJ
Applied problems	−0·210	0·12	0·018	0·023	−0·12	0·094	−0·019	0·032	−0·220	0·170
R²	0·31		0·30		0·30		0·30		0·30
P	<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001
Letter-word recognition	0·035	0·160	0·029	0·030	−0·083	0·130	0·013	0·043	−0·140	0·230
R²	0·40		0·41		0·40		0·40		0·30
P	<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001
CBCL	0·170	0·270	−0·040	0·051	−0·260	0·210	−0·076	0·072	0·650	0·380
R²	0·15		0·15		0·15		0·15		0·16
P	<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001
K-BIT
Verbal reasoning	0·072	0·080	−0·0009	0·017	−0·087	0·070	−0·008	0·024	0·150	0·130
R²	0·16		0·15		0·16		0·16		0·16
P	<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001		<0·001
Matrices	0·044	0·040	0·007	0·008	0·030	0·032	−0·008	0·011	0·084	0·060
R²	0·11		0·11		0·11		0·10		0·11
P	0·006		0·006		0·006		0·007		0·004

PLS, Preschool Language Scale; WJ, Woodcock–Johnson; CBCL, Child Behaviour Checklist; K-BIT, Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test.

Adjusted for birth weight, child’s age at testing, socio-economic status, home environment, maternal intelligence, sex of the child, the number of nuclear family members living with the child and maternal age.

^†

For all models, n 210 and df=200.

^‡

Significant association (P=0·04).