Table 1.
Food environment exposure metrics compared in this study, and precedent for their use in the literature
| Variable | Description | Precedent for usea |
|---|---|---|
|
LSOA |
|
|
|
Density per: | ||
| 1000 population |
Density of food outlets per 1000 population/per km2, per LSOA |
O’Dwyer & Coveney [25] | Maddock [26] | Mehta & Chang [27] Ball et al.[6] | Moore & Diez Roux [28] | Chou et al.[29] Mobley et al.[30] | Simmons et al.[31] Sturm & Datar [32] Black et al.[33] | Powell et al.[34] | Burgoine et al.[10] Cummins et al.[35] | Reidpath et al.[36] | Macdonald et al.[37] Macdonald et al.[16] |
| km2 |
|
Block et al.[38] | Maddock [26] | Moore and Diez Roux [28] |
|
LSOA centroid |
|
|
|
Density per buffer at: |
|
|
| 400 m Euclidean radius 800 m Euclidean radius |
Counts of food outlets within 400/800/1000 m Euclidean radius buffers from population-weighted centroids of LSOA |
Austin et al.c[39] | Currie et al.c[40] Austin et al.c[39] | Jeffery et al.c[41] | Laraia et al.c[42] Timperio et al.c[43] | Currie et al.c[40] Spence et al.c[44] |
| 1000 m Euclidean radius |
|
Apparicio et al.[11] | Smoyer-Tomic et al.[45] | Seliske et al.c[46] |
| 400 m Street Network 800 m Street Network 1000 m Street Network |
Counts of food outlets within 400/800/1000 m street network buffers from population-weighted centroids of LSOA |
Smith et al.c[47] Smoyer-Tomic et al.[50] | Harrison et al.[48] Larsen & Gillilandc[49] | Seliske et al.[46] |
|
Proximity using: |
|
|
| Euclidean distance Street network distance | Euclidean or street network distance (m) from LSOA population-weighted centroids to nearest food outlet | Apparicio et al.[11] | Winkler et al.[12] | Bodor et al.[13] Zenk et al.b[14] | Pearce et al.[15] | Macdonald et al.[16] | Smith et al.[17] Pearce et al.[18] | Sharkey et al.[19] | Pearce et al.d[20] Sharkey & Horel [21] | Block et al.c[24] | Burdette & Whitaker [22] | Frank et al.c[23] |
aMethodologically similar, not necessarily using LSOAs; using imperial or metric measurements; geographic- or population-weighted centroids.
bManhattan block distance used as an alternative to street network distance.
cBuffer sizes employed around known home or school address.
dUsed travel time rather than travel distance.