Table 1.

Risk Factor Distributions and Estimated Model Coefficients From the LLP Case–Control Data^*

Variable	Case Patients, n (%)	Control Participants, n (%)	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	Model Coefficient
				Full Model	Reduced Model†
Risk factor
Smoking duration
Never	25 (5.9)	240 (28.3)	1.00 (reference)	–	–
1–19 y	37 (8.7)	171 (20.2)	2.17 (1.21–3.85)	0.769	0.795
20–39 y	122 (28.6)	249 (29.4)	4.27 (2.62–6.94)	1.452	1.470
40–59 y	227 (53.2)	176 (20.8)	12.27 (7.41–20.30)	2.507	2.536
≥60 y	16 (3.8)	12 (1.4)	15.25 (5.71–40.65)	2.724	2.742
History of pneumonia	97 (22.7)	129 (15.2)	1.83 (1.26–2.64)	0.602	0.592
Asbestos exposure	150 (35.1)	202 (23.8)	1.89 (1.35–2.62)	0.634	–
History of cancer	60 (14.1)	59 (7.0)	1.96 (1.22–3.14)	0.675	0.680
Family history of lung cancer
None	314 (73.5)	699 (82.4)	1.00 (reference)	–	–
Early onset (age <60 y)	44 (10.3)	40 (4.7)	2.02 (1.18–3.45)	0.703	0.690
Late onset (age ≥60 y)	69 (16.2)	109 (12.9)	1.18 (0.79–1.76)	0.168	0.201
Internal validation
AUC	–	–	–	0.758	0.753

AUC = area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve; LLP = Liverpool Lung Project.

^*Table adapted from reference 12.

^†Excludes asbestos exposure.