Table 2.
Characteristics of study participants by race and ethnicity.
| Characteristic | Black | White | Hispanic | Asian |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | 136,923 | 526,498 | 350,919 | 105,476 |
| Age1 | ||||
| Mean (y) | 53 ± 15 | 58 ± 15 | 48 ± 15 | 53 ± 14 |
| Median (y) | 53 [42–64] | 58 [48–69] | 48 [38–58] | 53 [44–62] |
| Female sex | 85,999 (62.8) | 289,077 (54.9) | 208,330 (59.4) | 61,617 (58.4) |
| No. of serum creatinine tests | ||||
| Mean | 10 ± 8 | 10 ± 7 | 8 ± 6 | 9 ± 7 |
| Median | 8 [5–12] | 7 [5–12] | 6 [5–10] | 7 [5–11] |
| Observation period2 | ||||
| Mean (y) | 5.0 ± 1.7 | 4.9 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 5.0 ± 1.6 |
| Median (y) | 5.5 [3.9–6.4] | 5.4 [3.7–6.3] | 5.1 [3.5–6.2] | 5.5 [3.8–6.4] |
| Duration of Enrollment3 | ||||
| Mean (y) | 10.1 ± 9.0 | 8.6 ± 7.9 | 6.1 ± 6.7 | 7.1 ± 7.1 |
| Median (y) | 8.0 [2.9–14.7] | 7.2 [2.7–11.9] | 4.3 [0.9–8.9] | 5.6 [1.2–10.4] |
| Disenrolled before end of study period* | 16,848 (12.3) | 64,103 (12.2) | 59,606 (17.0) | 11,074 (10.5) |
| Entry eGFR | ||||
| 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1,397 (1.02) | 5,520 (1.05) | 1,958 (0.56) | 613 (0.58) |
| 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 3,998 (2.92) | 20,732 (3.94) | 5,172 (1.47) | 2,041 (1,94) |
| 45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 10,108 (7.38) | 55,528 (10.55) | 13,255 (3.78) | 5,439 (5.16) |
| 60–74 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 21,240 (15.51) | 113,132 (21.49) | 34,127 (9.73) | 13,300 (12.61) |
| 75–89 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 31,321 (22.87) | 145,521 (27.64) | 67,973 (19.37) | 23,862 (22.62) |
| ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 68,859 (50.29) | 186,065 (35.34) | 228,434 (65.10) | 60,222 (57.09) |
| Last eGFR | ||||
| <15 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 1,637 (1.20) | 3,288 (0.62) | 2,189 (0.62) | 696 (0.66) |
| 15–29 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 2,640 (1.93) | 11,535 (2.19) | 3,720 (1.06) | 1,278 (1.21) |
| 30–44 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 5,710 (4.17) | 32,319 (6.14) | 8,411 (2.40) | 3,423 (3.25) |
| 45–59 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 12,505 (9.13) | 73,758 (14.01) | 19,957 (5.69) | 8,317 (7.89) |
| 60–74 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 24,442 (17.85) | 126,888 (24.10) | 43,952 (12.52) | 18,009 (17.07) |
| 75–89 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 31,493 (23.00) | 138,056 (26.22) | 75,319 (21.46) | 26,317 (24.95) |
| ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 58,496 (42.72) | 140,654 (26.72) | 197,371 (56.24) | 47,437 (44.97) |
| Annual change in eGFR (%) | −4.0 [−16.8 to 7.7] | −4.1 [−17.0 to 3.5] | −4.3 [−16.0 to 0.5] | −3.7 [−14.5 to 2.2] |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2 per y) slope5 distribution | ||||
| 1st percentile | −23.6 | −20.1 | −20.9 | −17.6 |
| 5th percentile | −9.9 | −8.5 | −8.8 | −7.8 |
| 10th percentile | −6.6 | −5.8 | −5.9 | −5.5 |
| 25th percentile | −3.4 | −3.1 | −3.1 | −3.1 |
| 50th percentile | −1.1 | −1.1 | −1.1 | −1.3 |
| 75th percentile | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.1 |
| 90th percentile | 3.7 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 2.3 |
| 95th percentile | 6.6 | 5.3 | 5.8 | 4.5 |
| 99th percentile | 18.5 | 14.9 | 15.9 | 12.5 |
Note: Characteristics were compared using the chi-square test (gender) and the Kruskal-Wallis test (all variables except gender and eGFR strata) and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (eGFR strata and slopes). All comparisons showed differences between one or more race/ethnic groups (P<0.001). Unless otherwise indicated, values for categorical variables are given as number (percentage); values for continuous variables, as or mean +/− SD or median [IQR].
Age of the study cohort was defined at the time of the first available serum creatinine test during study period.
Observation time = event date - first serum creatinine date.
Enrollment time prior to study entry.
Ordinary least squares regression line slope calculated for each individual in separate regressions. Perccntiles within group are given.
Without experiencing end-stage renal disease or death.
SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate