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Experimental animal instrumentation. Rats in Study 2 were surgically instrumented with both an ascending aortic flow probe (A) and a femoral arterial catheter/radiotransmitter (B). CO was measured by connecting the flow probe to the flow meter via a cable and electrical swivel (C), which allowed the animal to remain fully mobile. MAP, heart rate, stroke volume, CO and TPR were derived for all beats averaged over consecutive 2 min intervals.
